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The oral beta-blockers approved for migraine prophylaxis may not be
effective for acute attacks because of slow absorption and modification
by first-pass metabolism, which delays effective plasma levels for hours
or even days. With timolol eyedrops, maximum plasma concentration is
achieved within 15 minutes of administration. In a pilot study, Cossack
et al. tested the effectiveness of the eyedrops as an abortive migraine
treatment and found it helpful for some patients.wisepoqder Timolol powder
This placebo-controlled crossover study was conducted among 10 adults with recurrent migraine, with or without aura, who were recruited from the authors’ neurology and ophthalmology clinics. Patients were assigned randomly to receive timolol maleate 0.5% or artificial tears (placebo) and were instructed to insert 1 drop in each eye at migraine onset and 30 minutes later. The participants were seen monthly for 4 months (5 visits per patient). After a 3-day washout at the 2-month mark, they were switched to the opposite treatment arm. Patients ranked the severity of each migraine attack on a scale of 0 (least) to 3 (greatest) and rated the effectiveness of each treatment on a scale of 1 (least) to 4 (greatest).
Among the 10 patients, 198 migraine attacks occurred during the study period. Four patients reported that timolol was highly effective in comparison to placebo; another patient noted the opposite. Thirty-seven (67%) of 55 migraines that occurred during timolol use had severity of none to mild at 2 hours, versus 58 (75%) of the 77 migraines during placebo use. No adverse events were observed during the study.
This placebo-controlled crossover study was conducted among 10 adults with recurrent migraine, with or without aura, who were recruited from the authors’ neurology and ophthalmology clinics. Patients were assigned randomly to receive timolol maleate 0.5% or artificial tears (placebo) and were instructed to insert 1 drop in each eye at migraine onset and 30 minutes later. The participants were seen monthly for 4 months (5 visits per patient). After a 3-day washout at the 2-month mark, they were switched to the opposite treatment arm. Patients ranked the severity of each migraine attack on a scale of 0 (least) to 3 (greatest) and rated the effectiveness of each treatment on a scale of 1 (least) to 4 (greatest).
Among the 10 patients, 198 migraine attacks occurred during the study period. Four patients reported that timolol was highly effective in comparison to placebo; another patient noted the opposite. Thirty-seven (67%) of 55 migraines that occurred during timolol use had severity of none to mild at 2 hours, versus 58 (75%) of the 77 migraines during placebo use. No adverse events were observed during the study.
Terbutaline may be a safe and effective treatment option for prevention of nocturnal hypoglycemia in patients with type 1 diabetes.wisepoqder Terbutaline
Researchers of a randomized, controlled trial examined whether terbutaline prevented nocturnal hypoglycemia without causing morning hyperglycemia in 15 patients with type 1 diabetes.
Patients randomly assigned to 2.5 mg terbutaline (Brethine, Novartis) had a mean nadir nocturnal plasma glucose concentration of 100 mg/dL compared with 122 mg/dL with 5 mg terbutaline and 87 mg/dL with placebo (see chart). In the 2.5-mg terbutaline group, seven patients reached nadir nocturnal concentrations <70 mg/dL, six reached concentrations <60 mg/dL and two reached concentrations <50 mg/dL. Further, three patients assigned to 5-mg terbutaline reached nadir levels <70 mg/dL; none of these patients reached any level lower than that.
Morning plasma glucose levels were 127 mg/dL with 2.5 mg terbutaline, 183 mg/dL with 5 mg terbutaline and 113 mg/dL with placebo.
"These
data confirm a high frequency of nocturnal hypoglycemia in patients
with aggressively treated type 1 diabetes. These data also confirm that
bedtime administration of 5 mg terbutaline effectively prevents
nocturnal hypoglycemia," the researchers wrote.
Hypoglycemia
is the limiting step to glycemic control in patients with diabetes. It
can be serious and is occasionally fatal. The majority of hypoglycemic
episodes occur at night. Therefore, efforts to reduce the risk of
nocturnal hypoglycemia would be well directed. The group of Cryer et al
at Washington University have made a life career of addressing the
biology of hypoglycemia. This report is a follow-up of earlier work from
the same laboratory showing a beneficial effect of terbutaline (5 mg)
in decreasing hypoglycemia overnight, but that dose was associated with
undesirable hyperglycemia in the morning. The current study tested a
smaller dose (2.5 mg) of terbutaline and seems to have nailed the matter
squarely. It seems, therefore, that terbutaline can be added to other
existing strategies for reduction of nocturnal hypoglycemia. These other
strategies include bedtime caloric supply, recalibration of
antidiabetic medications, limitation of alcohol intake, exercise
counseling, self-blood glucose monitoring (especially in the ‘wee'
hours), prompt recognition and intervention for hypoglycemia
unawareness, among others. The fact that the study included just 15
patients with type 1 diabetes is an obvious limitation. Therefore, a
larger study expanded to even patients with type 2 diabetes (many of
whom are also at risk for hypoglycemia) would be most welcome.
The FDA is notifying health care professionals -- specifically, family
physicians and OB-Gyns -- that it is requiring the addition of a new
boxed warning and contraindication to terbutaline's drug labeling to
warn health care professionals about the severe cardiovascular and other
risks these products pose for pregnant women. FDA officials also have
agreed to reclassify terbutaline from a pregnancy category B drug to a
pregnancy category C drug in response to a 2008 citizen petition.wisepoqder β-agonist Powder
Terbutaline is approved to prevent and treat bronchospasm associated with asthma, bronchitis and emphysema, but the drug also has been used off-label for obstetric purposes, including treating preterm labor and uterine hyperstimulation. In addition, terbutaline has been used for longer periods of time to prevent recurrent preterm labor.
However, new safety information reviewed by the FDA indicates that death and serious adverse reactions, including increased heart rate, transient hyperglycemia, hypokalemia, cardiac arrhythmias, pulmonary edema and myocardial ischemia, have been reported after prolonged administration of oral and injectable terbutaline to pregnant women.
In a Feb. 17 safety alert(www.fda.gov), the FDA acknowledged that administering terbutaline by injection to a pregnant women in urgent obstetrical situations within a hospital setting may be appropriate based on a physician's clinical judgment. However, the agency said terbutaline administered by injection or by continuous infusion pump should not be used beyond 48-72 hours. The agency also emphasized that injectable terbutaline should not be used in the outpatient or home setting.
Furthermore, the FDA said oral terbutaline is contraindicated for the treatment or prevention of preterm labor because it has not been shown to be effective and has safety concerns similar to those associated with the injectable form of the drug.
The agency advised that women who are taking terbutaline for asthma or other medical conditions should talk with their physician if they are pregnant or become pregnant to determine whether use of the drug should be discontinued.
Terbutaline is approved to prevent and treat bronchospasm associated with asthma, bronchitis and emphysema, but the drug also has been used off-label for obstetric purposes, including treating preterm labor and uterine hyperstimulation. In addition, terbutaline has been used for longer periods of time to prevent recurrent preterm labor.
However, new safety information reviewed by the FDA indicates that death and serious adverse reactions, including increased heart rate, transient hyperglycemia, hypokalemia, cardiac arrhythmias, pulmonary edema and myocardial ischemia, have been reported after prolonged administration of oral and injectable terbutaline to pregnant women.
In a Feb. 17 safety alert(www.fda.gov), the FDA acknowledged that administering terbutaline by injection to a pregnant women in urgent obstetrical situations within a hospital setting may be appropriate based on a physician's clinical judgment. However, the agency said terbutaline administered by injection or by continuous infusion pump should not be used beyond 48-72 hours. The agency also emphasized that injectable terbutaline should not be used in the outpatient or home setting.
Furthermore, the FDA said oral terbutaline is contraindicated for the treatment or prevention of preterm labor because it has not been shown to be effective and has safety concerns similar to those associated with the injectable form of the drug.
The agency advised that women who are taking terbutaline for asthma or other medical conditions should talk with their physician if they are pregnant or become pregnant to determine whether use of the drug should be discontinued.
A VERY LOW DOSE of tamoxifen—5 mg/d, given for 3 years rather than 5
years—halved the risk of breast cancer recurrence or new lesions over
placebo in women with breast intraepithelial neoplasia, without
producing the usual toxicities seen with the standard dose, Italian
researchers reported at the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium.1wisepoqder Tamoxifen
“We believe our results have external validity and—given their pragmatic nature and the easy accessibility of tamoxifen—are generalizable,” said Andrea De Censi, MD, of the National Hospital E.O. Ospedali Galliera–Division of Medical Oncology in Genoa, Italy. “Tamoxifen, 5 mg a day (splitting the tablet) or 10 mg every other day, is applicable in clinical practice tomorrow.”
Breast cancer experts at the meeting said this is news they can use. “Looking at these data, I would definitely give lower doses of tamoxifen, especially in patients with atypical ductal hyperplasia and lobular carcinoma in situ,” said Virginia G. Kaklamani, MD, Professor of Medicine at The University of Texas at San Antonio and leader of the Breast Cancer Program at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston.
“This information tells me I can perhaps cut back on the dose for patients who are not tolerating tamoxifen. This would help me keep them on the dose, rather than have them abandon therapy,” said John Cole, MD, of the Ochsner Health System in New Orleans.
ALTHOUGH TAMOXIFEN is effective in preventing breast cancer recurrence, its side effects—menopausal symptoms, endometrial cancer, deep-vein thrombosis, and pulmonary embolism— are barriers for its use as a preventive measure. The aim of this de-escalation study was to determine whether a lower dose and shorter duration of tamoxifen therapy would be as efficacious as and better tolerated than the standard dose.
Dr. De Censi and colleagues had previously shown that a dose as low as 1 mg/d is noninferior to 20 mg in decreasing Ki67 (a marker of proliferation), though less effective in modulating serum biomarkers.2 For the current study, the investigators decided 5 mg/d would be a reasonable compromise between activity and safety. He explained that the government- and charity-funded study could not afford to financially support the use of a very large noninferiority trial of tamoxifen at 20 mg/d for 5 years as the control arm.
“We believe our results have external validity and—given their pragmatic nature and the easy accessibility of tamoxifen—are generalizable,” said Andrea De Censi, MD, of the National Hospital E.O. Ospedali Galliera–Division of Medical Oncology in Genoa, Italy. “Tamoxifen, 5 mg a day (splitting the tablet) or 10 mg every other day, is applicable in clinical practice tomorrow.”
Breast cancer experts at the meeting said this is news they can use. “Looking at these data, I would definitely give lower doses of tamoxifen, especially in patients with atypical ductal hyperplasia and lobular carcinoma in situ,” said Virginia G. Kaklamani, MD, Professor of Medicine at The University of Texas at San Antonio and leader of the Breast Cancer Program at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston.
“This information tells me I can perhaps cut back on the dose for patients who are not tolerating tamoxifen. This would help me keep them on the dose, rather than have them abandon therapy,” said John Cole, MD, of the Ochsner Health System in New Orleans.
ALTHOUGH TAMOXIFEN is effective in preventing breast cancer recurrence, its side effects—menopausal symptoms, endometrial cancer, deep-vein thrombosis, and pulmonary embolism— are barriers for its use as a preventive measure. The aim of this de-escalation study was to determine whether a lower dose and shorter duration of tamoxifen therapy would be as efficacious as and better tolerated than the standard dose.
Dr. De Censi and colleagues had previously shown that a dose as low as 1 mg/d is noninferior to 20 mg in decreasing Ki67 (a marker of proliferation), though less effective in modulating serum biomarkers.2 For the current study, the investigators decided 5 mg/d would be a reasonable compromise between activity and safety. He explained that the government- and charity-funded study could not afford to financially support the use of a very large noninferiority trial of tamoxifen at 20 mg/d for 5 years as the control arm.
The study found that of 258 healthy women in England with a family
history of the disease, six out of seven decided not to take the drug to
help prevent it from developing.
Sixteen women were then interviewed in order to determine what factors played a role in their decision, with key reasons found to be a belief that cancer was down to fate, a distrust of medication in general, or fear of side effects would interfere with looking after their family.wisepoqder Tamoxifen powder
The research team, based at the University of Leeds, Northwestern University, University College London and Queen Mary University of London, found women with children were more likely to take up the offer of tamoxifen, and that social class, educational attainment and ethnicity had no effect on uptake.
In 2013, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence endorsed NHS funding for use of tamoxifen cancer prevention in women at increased risk of the disease due to a family history of breast or ovarian cancer, following research which showed it could lower risk by around a third.
According to the guidelines, doctors should offer tamoxifen for five years to premenopausal women at high or moderate risk of breast cancer, unless they have a past history or may be at increased risk of thromboembolic disease or endometrial cancer, and anastrozole for five years to postmenopausal women unless they have severe osteoporosis.
For postmenopausal women at high risk of breast cancer with severe osteoporosis, but no history or increased risk of thromboembolic disease or endometrial cancer, tamoxifen should for offered, or raloxifene as an alternative for women with a uterus.
“It’s valuable to understand why women might reject tamoxifen, and this research highlights there are a range of complex reasons behind the decision,” said Dr Richard Roope, Cancer Research UK’s senior clinical adviser and GP expert.
“It’s vital more work is done to understand these barriers, improve treatments and ensure doctors are getting the support they need to help women decide whether preventative medication is right for them.”
Sixteen women were then interviewed in order to determine what factors played a role in their decision, with key reasons found to be a belief that cancer was down to fate, a distrust of medication in general, or fear of side effects would interfere with looking after their family.wisepoqder Tamoxifen powder
The research team, based at the University of Leeds, Northwestern University, University College London and Queen Mary University of London, found women with children were more likely to take up the offer of tamoxifen, and that social class, educational attainment and ethnicity had no effect on uptake.
In 2013, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence endorsed NHS funding for use of tamoxifen cancer prevention in women at increased risk of the disease due to a family history of breast or ovarian cancer, following research which showed it could lower risk by around a third.
According to the guidelines, doctors should offer tamoxifen for five years to premenopausal women at high or moderate risk of breast cancer, unless they have a past history or may be at increased risk of thromboembolic disease or endometrial cancer, and anastrozole for five years to postmenopausal women unless they have severe osteoporosis.
For postmenopausal women at high risk of breast cancer with severe osteoporosis, but no history or increased risk of thromboembolic disease or endometrial cancer, tamoxifen should for offered, or raloxifene as an alternative for women with a uterus.
“It’s valuable to understand why women might reject tamoxifen, and this research highlights there are a range of complex reasons behind the decision,” said Dr Richard Roope, Cancer Research UK’s senior clinical adviser and GP expert.
“It’s vital more work is done to understand these barriers, improve treatments and ensure doctors are getting the support they need to help women decide whether preventative medication is right for them.”
Bristol-Myers Squibb has discontinued its oral d-sotalol SWORD (survival
with oral d-sotalol) trial due to a monitoring committee report of
excess mortality in the treated group compared to placebo. The Phase III
trial was intended to study the effect of the drug in preventing sudden
cardiac death in myocardial infarction patients at risk of
life-threatening ventricular arrhythmia. Originally, the compound was
intended as a single isomer follow-up to B-MS' Betapace (sotalol) drug.wisepoqder Sotalol
The excess mortality came to light after the SWORD data safety monitoring committee examined interim data from 2,762 patients and determined that the overall mortality in the d-sotalol group was 3.9% compared to 2% in the placebo group.
The SWORD trial was touted by B-MS as the largest of its kind and had enrolled 3,000 of the planned 6,400 patients. Because of problems with Class I (sodium channel blockers) and Class II (beta blocking) drugs, focus has now shifted to the Class III potassium-blocking agents, said B-MS. Sotalol has both Class II and III activity, but the single d-isomer is purely Class III in action.
SWORD is one of 15 studies in progress evaluating d-sotalol in the prevention of ventricular tachyarrhythmia. The other prevention trials are studying different patient populations than in the SWORD trial. B-MS said that study of the compound will continue. However, all trials of d-sotalol with SWORD-like patient and protocol profiles will be discontinued and enrollment in the supra-ventricular arrhythmia trial has been halted pending protocol revision.
...And Withdraws Questran Tablets Bristol-Myers Squibb is also withdrawing Questran (cholestyramine) tablets in the USA and Canada, following seven reports of patients experiencing swallowing difficulties with the tablets including two reports of choking episodes. The 1gm tablets were launched in May last year at a 10% discount to the oral suspension formulation. Neither of the powder forms are affected by the withdrawal.
The excess mortality came to light after the SWORD data safety monitoring committee examined interim data from 2,762 patients and determined that the overall mortality in the d-sotalol group was 3.9% compared to 2% in the placebo group.
The SWORD trial was touted by B-MS as the largest of its kind and had enrolled 3,000 of the planned 6,400 patients. Because of problems with Class I (sodium channel blockers) and Class II (beta blocking) drugs, focus has now shifted to the Class III potassium-blocking agents, said B-MS. Sotalol has both Class II and III activity, but the single d-isomer is purely Class III in action.
SWORD is one of 15 studies in progress evaluating d-sotalol in the prevention of ventricular tachyarrhythmia. The other prevention trials are studying different patient populations than in the SWORD trial. B-MS said that study of the compound will continue. However, all trials of d-sotalol with SWORD-like patient and protocol profiles will be discontinued and enrollment in the supra-ventricular arrhythmia trial has been halted pending protocol revision.
...And Withdraws Questran Tablets Bristol-Myers Squibb is also withdrawing Questran (cholestyramine) tablets in the USA and Canada, following seven reports of patients experiencing swallowing difficulties with the tablets including two reports of choking episodes. The 1gm tablets were launched in May last year at a 10% discount to the oral suspension formulation. Neither of the powder forms are affected by the withdrawal.
Sotalol powder Drug Market share detailed information about the key factors influencing the growth of the market (growth potential, opportunities, drivers, industry-specific challenges and risks).wisepoqder β-agonist Powder
The research report on Global “Sotalol Drug Market” report primarily focuses on the market trends, demand spectrum, and future prospects of this industry over the forecast period. Furthermore, the report provides a detailed statistical overview in terms of trends outlining the geographical opportunities and contributions by prominent industry share contenders. The report is a comprehensive collection of essential data with respect to the competitive spectrum of this industry where the Sotalol Drug market has profitably established its presence.
About Sotalol Drug Market:
Sotalolis a medication used to treat abnormal heart rhythms.
In 2019, the market size of Sotalol Drug is xx million US$ and it will reach xx million US$ in 2025, growing at a CAGR of xx% from 2019; while in China, the market size is valued at xx million US$ and will increase to xx million US$ in 2025, with a CAGR of xx% during forecast period.
In this report, 2018 has been considered as the base year and 2019 to 2025 as the forecast period to estimate the market size for Sotalol Drug. This report studies the global market size of Sotalol Drug, especially focuses on the key regions like United States, European Union, China, and other regions (Japan, Korea, India and Southeast Asia).
This study presents the Sotalol Drug sales volume, revenue, market share and growth rate for each key company, and also covers the breakdown data (sales, revenue and market share) by regions, type and applications. history breakdown data from 2014 to 2019, and forecast to 2025.
For top companies in United States, European Union and China, this report investigates and analyzes the production, value, price, market share and growth rate for the top manufacturers, key data from 2014 to 2019.
Salbutamol
powder, also known as albuterol, is a medication that opens up
constricted medium and large airways in the lungs and is often used to
treat asthma. Because high doses are suspected by some to also have an
anabolic effect, its daily dosage is restricted by the World Anti-Doping
Agency, which uses urine tests to determine violations. A new British
Journal of Clinical Pharmacology study shows that large variability in
urine concentrations, however, lead to infeasibility of determining an
administered dose from a single untimed urine sample.wisepoqder Salbutamol powder
The authors noted that the current threshold inadvertently leads to incorrect assumptions of violation, whereas many violations will go unnoticed, especially when samples are taken long after drug administration. These issues, combined with the dubious assertion of its anabolic effect, indicate that the large effort involved in testing should be reconsidered.
"Using available pharmacological knowledge, we demonstrate that the current approach to detect excessive salbutamol use is fundamentally flawed and cannot differentiate between illegal and allowed use," said co-author Jules Heuberger, of the Centre for Human Drug Research, in Leiden, The Netherlands. "If the doping community is determined to control for excessive salbutamol use, these procedures should be changed, ideally in collaboration with clinical pharmacologists."
The authors noted that the current threshold inadvertently leads to incorrect assumptions of violation, whereas many violations will go unnoticed, especially when samples are taken long after drug administration. These issues, combined with the dubious assertion of its anabolic effect, indicate that the large effort involved in testing should be reconsidered.
"Using available pharmacological knowledge, we demonstrate that the current approach to detect excessive salbutamol use is fundamentally flawed and cannot differentiate between illegal and allowed use," said co-author Jules Heuberger, of the Centre for Human Drug Research, in Leiden, The Netherlands. "If the doping community is determined to control for excessive salbutamol use, these procedures should be changed, ideally in collaboration with clinical pharmacologists."
Is someone watching you right now?
Are you being spied on online? The short answer is: probably.
This post will take a look at the key ways third parties could be snooping on your online activities right now.
Government surveillance
Your government is almost certainly spying on you. In the U.S., the National Security Agency (NSA) legally collects private data including:
Emails, messages and other data from your accounts with AOL, Apple, Facebook, Google, Microsoft, PalTalk, Skype, Yahoo, YouTube, and others
Internet traffic passing through undersea fiber optic cables, which it taps in collaboration with governments around the world
Cell phone locations in some countries outside the U.S. It collects around 5 billion records per day
In the UK, the Tempora program intercepts internet traffic for surveillance purposes in partnership with the country’s telecom companies and the NSA.
These are just the programs we know about, based on leaked information. So there’s also the possibility that new and secret surveillance programs are spying on us in other ways, too.
Unsecure internet connections
You might have secured your own network and computers with firewall and security software. You probably also have an authenticated connection to your ISP. But how secure is the path your data takes when you transmit it over the internet?
Unless you’re using a VPN, not very. When you send or receive data packets online, you know when they reach their destination. But you don’t know which networks that data passed through on its way to that destination—or who might have made a copy. It’s possible that your internet traffic is being spied on, by other parties as well as government agencies.
Malicious software
If your computer is infected with malicious software, then it could be spying on you too. Types of malware that can steal your data include:
Keyloggers – These programs record every keystroke you make and send it to a third party, to track your activity or steal information like credit card numbers.
Adware – Websites you visit are tracked and sent to a third party, which uses the data to target ads based on your browsing history.
Spyware – Software that appears to serve a useful purpose but that also steals your data. The infamous CoolWebSearch download presented itself as a browser add-on, but it also stole chatlogs, account credentials, bank information and more.
Third-party tracking cookies
Web advertising distribution networks get a cookie from your browser every time you see one of their ads. Each cookie includes information that identifies you, either by your IP address or your browser’s unique identifier.
If the ad distributor is big enough, you’ll see their ads on lots of different sites. And they’ll get a cookie each time. The result is that the advertiser can track your browsing activity and use the data to target ads more effectively.
Most commercial websites now warn you that “This website uses cookies to improve the user experience.”
Whether or not this constitutes spying is a matter of perspective. But these tracking cookies could undoubtedly be considered a sneaky invasion of your privacy.
Measures to protect you from spies
If you want to protect your data from secret surveillance, consider the following steps.
Use a VPN to encrypt your internet traffic, so spies can’t open data packets even if they intercept them
Install security software and keep it up to date, to protect your computer from malware and hackers
Disable third-party cookies in your browser. It’s a simple option in Internet Explorer, Chrome, Firefox, and others.
Our recommendation is RitaVPN. RitaVPN is an excellent choice for accessing your favorite geo-blocked content. It allows P2P connections on all servers and offers specialized servers for Netflix and other favorite streaming channels. RitaVPN is a relatively new VPN service, but it’s already making a name for itself，which makes it one of the best VPN in 2019.
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Are you being spied on online? The short answer is: probably.
This post will take a look at the key ways third parties could be snooping on your online activities right now.
Government surveillance
Your government is almost certainly spying on you. In the U.S., the National Security Agency (NSA) legally collects private data including:
Emails, messages and other data from your accounts with AOL, Apple, Facebook, Google, Microsoft, PalTalk, Skype, Yahoo, YouTube, and others
Internet traffic passing through undersea fiber optic cables, which it taps in collaboration with governments around the world
Cell phone locations in some countries outside the U.S. It collects around 5 billion records per day
In the UK, the Tempora program intercepts internet traffic for surveillance purposes in partnership with the country’s telecom companies and the NSA.
These are just the programs we know about, based on leaked information. So there’s also the possibility that new and secret surveillance programs are spying on us in other ways, too.
Unsecure internet connections
You might have secured your own network and computers with firewall and security software. You probably also have an authenticated connection to your ISP. But how secure is the path your data takes when you transmit it over the internet?
Unless you’re using a VPN, not very. When you send or receive data packets online, you know when they reach their destination. But you don’t know which networks that data passed through on its way to that destination—or who might have made a copy. It’s possible that your internet traffic is being spied on, by other parties as well as government agencies.
Malicious software
If your computer is infected with malicious software, then it could be spying on you too. Types of malware that can steal your data include:
Keyloggers – These programs record every keystroke you make and send it to a third party, to track your activity or steal information like credit card numbers.
Adware – Websites you visit are tracked and sent to a third party, which uses the data to target ads based on your browsing history.
Spyware – Software that appears to serve a useful purpose but that also steals your data. The infamous CoolWebSearch download presented itself as a browser add-on, but it also stole chatlogs, account credentials, bank information and more.
Third-party tracking cookies
Web advertising distribution networks get a cookie from your browser every time you see one of their ads. Each cookie includes information that identifies you, either by your IP address or your browser’s unique identifier.
If the ad distributor is big enough, you’ll see their ads on lots of different sites. And they’ll get a cookie each time. The result is that the advertiser can track your browsing activity and use the data to target ads more effectively.
Most commercial websites now warn you that “This website uses cookies to improve the user experience.”
Whether or not this constitutes spying is a matter of perspective. But these tracking cookies could undoubtedly be considered a sneaky invasion of your privacy.
Measures to protect you from spies
If you want to protect your data from secret surveillance, consider the following steps.
Use a VPN to encrypt your internet traffic, so spies can’t open data packets even if they intercept them
Install security software and keep it up to date, to protect your computer from malware and hackers
Disable third-party cookies in your browser. It’s a simple option in Internet Explorer, Chrome, Firefox, and others.
Our recommendation is RitaVPN. RitaVPN is an excellent choice for accessing your favorite geo-blocked content. It allows P2P connections on all servers and offers specialized servers for Netflix and other favorite streaming channels. RitaVPN is a relatively new VPN service, but it’s already making a name for itself，which makes it one of the best VPN in 2019.
Qwer432
http://www.fastritavpn.com/
http://www.buyvpns.net/
http://www.buyvpnservices.com/
Is internet privacy a lost cause?
Most people think of privacy as a fundamental right. The right to have a personal conversation without someone listening, the right to keep your belongings out of public view.
believes that individual privacy is something everyone deserves.
For a long time on the internet, there was an illusion of privacy. From secure online shopping payments to password-protected social network accounts—we were told our information was protected and safe. Perhaps you still believe it is?
But for many people, events like mass NSA surveillance and the theft of celebrities’ personal photographs have changed perceptions about internet privacy. It seems all too easy for hackers to get into our stuff—and much of that ‘hacking’ is government-sponsored.
Getting your data is like taking candy from a baby
There have been many high profile cases of hacking and surveillance in the past few years.
The National Security Agency: The NSA legally monitors every American’s phone records, has access to phone and internet traffic in the U.S. and abroad, and hacks targets as it sees fit. The UK and other governments do it too.
Celebrity photo theft: Anonymous posted over 500 celebrity photos on the 4chan image board in 2014, many containing nudity. Apple’s iCloud service is believed to be the source of the breach.
eBay: The online shopping service was hacked in mid-2014, exposing millions of users’ passwords and data.
Target: 70 million Target customers had their credit card data stolen in 2014 after hackers found a security hole in the company’s systems.
PlayStation Network: The online game service was hacked by LulzSec in 2011, resulting in the theft of around 77 million users’ account data.
When our data is stolen and monitored so often, from big companies who insist our data is safe in their hands, it seems sensible to be a little less trusting with our information.
The cost of free online services is your privacy
If you use free web email and social media services, then you also give up your private information to third parties every day.
There’s a reason these services are free. Some of the ways they use your data include:
Ad targeting: Search engines, social networks, and other services track your activities, so they can target you with ads.
Selling your data: With your consent, and sometimes without, companies you sign up with online often sell your information to marketing list makers. Junk mail ahoy!
Monitoring your email: Many popular free webmail services monitor your messages for criminal activity and may be legally obliged to share your data with government agencies.
Of course, you might well be aware of all this – and yet you probably still choose to use Facebook, Gmail, Twitter and so on.
After all, nothing is really free. Maybe giving up a little of your information is worth it?
Malicious hackers
Another major threat to Internet privacy is one we can probably all agree is unwelcome.
Symantec’s “2014 Internet Security Threat Report” found that malware, phishing and other attacks on our personal computers led to the exposure of over 552 million identities in 2013. There was a 62% increase in the number of breaches and a 91% increase in targeted attacks campaigns in the same year.
With online crime on the increase, the future of internet privacy appears far from safe.
Privacy steps you can take
When all’s said and done though, who is responsible for your privacy online? You are.
Anyone who wants to keep their data totally private could stay off the internet, but that isn’t much of an option in today’s world. So it’s about taking the right security steps and making informed choices about how we share our data. Sometimes, as with government surveillance, those choices are out of our hands. But there are steps you can take to increase your privacy.
Take security measures: Keep your online accounts safe, reduce the risk of security breaches by keeping your software up to date and by using security software. Stay aware of common online risks.
Be careful who you sign up with: Don’t trust every cloud service with a fancy website. Research online, read the terms of service, and look for how they’ll use your data.
Use a VPN service: VPN services encrypt your Internet traffic so that third parties can’t snoop on your activities. Data is much more secure when you connect to the Internet via a VPN.
Read more top internet privacy tips here.
A connected world probably means less privacy
So is internet privacy a lost cause? As we’ve seen, putting our personal information in the hands of big companies is not very secure. There’s a real risk it will be stolen. And that risk seems to be increasing.
Using online services means willfully giving up a bit of our privacy. But because we want to be part of a connected world, many of us are happy to do so.
In the internet economy, your data is valuable currency. Internet privacy isn’t likely to get any easier in the future. Stay aware, stay secure, and choose how you share your data carefully. And, of course, don’t forget to use a VPN to protect your data.
Our recommendation is RitaVPN. RitaVPN is an excellent choice for accessing your favorite geo-blocked content. It allows P2P connections on all servers and offers specialized servers for Netflix and other favorite streaming channels. RitaVPN is a relatively new VPN service, but it’s already making a name for itself，which makes it one of the best VPN in 2019.
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