User blogs
Off the court, the sixth-grader from Wuxi, in eastern China’s Jiangsu
province, speaks quietly and gently. But when it’s game time, she’s
laser-focused as she chases the ball, moving energetically across the
court.Children tennis in Shanghai
Despite an overall trend of declining health and athleticism among Chinese children, a growing number of young people are taking up tennis — a sport invented in the U.K. in 1873 that barely existed in China less than two decades ago.
Like many others, Ni began playing tennis in 2011, when China’s former world No. 2 women’s tennis player Li Na became the first from Asia to win the Grand Slam championship title at the French Open. Li’s success led to a domestic tennis fever, and that same year, Ni’s father and coach, Xi Zhiye, began training his then-5-year-old daughter.“There was a surge in the number of Chinese teenagers starting to learn tennis that year — some of the parents thought the sport could be a possible future for their children,” said Xi, who quit his job in securities trading two years ago to focus on his daughter’s tennis training.
In her age group, Ni is a top player: Last year, she won third place in the national Zheng Jie Cup teen tennis tournament. The 11-year-old is a short-distance runner and a soccer player on the school teams, but it’s her tennis ability cultivated over six years of intensive training that has won her the most medals.
“I like playing tennis. It helps me relax after school,” Ni told Sixth Tone. “I’m the only one at my school who plays tennis, but I don’t feel lonely — I make friends at different tournaments, and they’re all excellent tennis players.”
The number of tennis players registered at Shanghai’s 16 government-run children’s sports clubs has increased tenfold since 2007, from 100 to 1,075 today, according to the city’s tennis association. A decade ago, only five of the 16 district clubs offered tennis, but now each has a team, said Xue Lei, vice secretary-general of the association. Tennis is also being offered at schools alongside other sports as part of a wider push by the Chinese government to encourage children to stay active.
Xue attributes the increased interest in youth tennis to the sport’s growing profile in China. In 1998, the international tennis tournament Heineken Open came to Shanghai, making it the first world-class tennis competition in the country. The Tennis Masters Cup and ATP World Tour Masters 1000 tournaments followed a few years later. Earlier this month, the Shanghai Masters entered its ninth year, drawing top international players like men’s singles champion Roger Federer.
“Many young parents today grew up watching these tennis games or following a certain star tennis player,” said Xue. “Motivated by their own interest in the sport, they started bringing their children to the court.”
This is certainly true for Ni, whose father began playing tennis as a hobby in the late 1990s and remains a loyal fan of Federer. Xi couldn’t wait to start teaching his daughter the sport when she turned 5 — considered the minimum age for children to start tennis training.school’s permission — and takes her to the court for her two-hour tennis practice. After dinner, she spends an hour on homework and goes to bed by 9:30 p.m.
Height is one barrier to playing tennis professionally. Top female tennis players must be relatively tall to reach the ball, but not so tall that their height slows them down. Ni undergoes bone age assessments every year to track her skeletal development, and current estimates suggest the 155-centimeter-tall girl could grow to between 172 centimeters and 175 centimeters — tall enough to pursue a professional tennis career. (By comparison, China’s top female tennis player, Li, is 172 centimeters tall.)
Ni’s father believes the real challenges lie ahead, when his daughter may be forced to choose between athletics and academics. While Xi believes university studies are a must, he doesn’t want her tennis training to go to waste. “In the U.S., there’s no contradiction between sports and academic studies, but in China, it’s the reality,” he explained. “Without appropriate academic learning, I’m afraid Ni would fall behind in terms of general knowledge and communication skills.”
Despite an overall trend of declining health and athleticism among Chinese children, a growing number of young people are taking up tennis — a sport invented in the U.K. in 1873 that barely existed in China less than two decades ago.
Like many others, Ni began playing tennis in 2011, when China’s former world No. 2 women’s tennis player Li Na became the first from Asia to win the Grand Slam championship title at the French Open. Li’s success led to a domestic tennis fever, and that same year, Ni’s father and coach, Xi Zhiye, began training his then-5-year-old daughter.“There was a surge in the number of Chinese teenagers starting to learn tennis that year — some of the parents thought the sport could be a possible future for their children,” said Xi, who quit his job in securities trading two years ago to focus on his daughter’s tennis training.
In her age group, Ni is a top player: Last year, she won third place in the national Zheng Jie Cup teen tennis tournament. The 11-year-old is a short-distance runner and a soccer player on the school teams, but it’s her tennis ability cultivated over six years of intensive training that has won her the most medals.
“I like playing tennis. It helps me relax after school,” Ni told Sixth Tone. “I’m the only one at my school who plays tennis, but I don’t feel lonely — I make friends at different tournaments, and they’re all excellent tennis players.”
The number of tennis players registered at Shanghai’s 16 government-run children’s sports clubs has increased tenfold since 2007, from 100 to 1,075 today, according to the city’s tennis association. A decade ago, only five of the 16 district clubs offered tennis, but now each has a team, said Xue Lei, vice secretary-general of the association. Tennis is also being offered at schools alongside other sports as part of a wider push by the Chinese government to encourage children to stay active.
Xue attributes the increased interest in youth tennis to the sport’s growing profile in China. In 1998, the international tennis tournament Heineken Open came to Shanghai, making it the first world-class tennis competition in the country. The Tennis Masters Cup and ATP World Tour Masters 1000 tournaments followed a few years later. Earlier this month, the Shanghai Masters entered its ninth year, drawing top international players like men’s singles champion Roger Federer.
“Many young parents today grew up watching these tennis games or following a certain star tennis player,” said Xue. “Motivated by their own interest in the sport, they started bringing their children to the court.”
This is certainly true for Ni, whose father began playing tennis as a hobby in the late 1990s and remains a loyal fan of Federer. Xi couldn’t wait to start teaching his daughter the sport when she turned 5 — considered the minimum age for children to start tennis training.school’s permission — and takes her to the court for her two-hour tennis practice. After dinner, she spends an hour on homework and goes to bed by 9:30 p.m.
Height is one barrier to playing tennis professionally. Top female tennis players must be relatively tall to reach the ball, but not so tall that their height slows them down. Ni undergoes bone age assessments every year to track her skeletal development, and current estimates suggest the 155-centimeter-tall girl could grow to between 172 centimeters and 175 centimeters — tall enough to pursue a professional tennis career. (By comparison, China’s top female tennis player, Li, is 172 centimeters tall.)
Ni’s father believes the real challenges lie ahead, when his daughter may be forced to choose between athletics and academics. While Xi believes university studies are a must, he doesn’t want her tennis training to go to waste. “In the U.S., there’s no contradiction between sports and academic studies, but in China, it’s the reality,” he explained. “Without appropriate academic learning, I’m afraid Ni would fall behind in terms of general knowledge and communication skills.”
Concordia’s Middle School works in partnership with parents to create a
school community that is supportive and responsive to student needs.
Children between the ages of 10 and 14 are unique in intellectual,
social, emotional, and physical growth. Recognizing that these children
are also strikingly different from each other, the middle school is
designed to meet the needs of a child as well as an adolescent during
the transition from the elementary to high school. Through a caring and
secure environment, the middle school program ensures that all students
experience challenge and success.International middle school
At Concordia our Middle School program is based upon the developmental needs of the young adolescent with the following goals:
Mastering basic skills within an interdisciplinary context.
Acquiring a fundamental body or knowledge and the critical thinking skills necessary for its interpretation and application.
Developing and maintaining a positive self-image.
Accepting increased social, personal and academic responsibilities.
Exploring a diversity of curricular and extracurricular activities.
Developing an increased awareness of individual differences and respect for others.
Participating responsibly in the school community.
At Concordia our Middle School program is based upon the developmental needs of the young adolescent with the following goals:
Mastering basic skills within an interdisciplinary context.
Acquiring a fundamental body or knowledge and the critical thinking skills necessary for its interpretation and application.
Developing and maintaining a positive self-image.
Accepting increased social, personal and academic responsibilities.
Exploring a diversity of curricular and extracurricular activities.
Developing an increased awareness of individual differences and respect for others.
Participating responsibly in the school community.
On Sunday, tens of thousands of professional and amateur runners will
hit the streets of Britain's capital for the London Marathon, one of the
world’s most prestigious long-distance running races.But while any
doctor can tell us the benefits of exercise, there are some experts who
believe that marathon-length runs - just over 26 miles - are too extreme
for the average runner, and can be dangerous.To get more marathon length, you can visit shine news official website.
Virgin, which sponsors the London Marathon, says that “running is good for the heart” and stresses that more than one million people have safely completed the marathon in its 38-year history, but acknowledges that there have still been “several fatalities from serious heart disease in runners apparently unaware that they had a problem”.
Since the first event in 1981, a total of 12 participants have died, the most recent of whom was former Masterchef semi-finalist Matt Campbell.Campbell collapsed and died during last year’s marathon, when temperatures hit an all-time high for the event.This news was followed just a few months later by reports that two men had died after collapsing at the finish line of the Cardiff Half Marathon in October 2018.
The competitors, aged 25 and 32, “went into cardiac arrest after crossing the finishing line within three minutes of each other, at about 12.25pm”, reports the BBC.Given the number of people who take part in such races each year, just how dangerous is long-distance running?
How safe are marathons?
The BBC reports that most of the casualties that occur during a race concern minor injuries, like pulled muscles, sprains and strains. These tend to heal quickly and on their own.
The broadcaster adds that dehydration is the biggest problem that marathon runners have to overcome. “In a hard race on a hot and humid day, up to four litres of fluid can be lost through sweating and exhalation,” it says. “It is important for runners to keep well hydrated.”
But an increasing number of studies are now linking long-distance running with sudden heart conditions and issues that were undetected previously, even if there is no family history of similar health issues.
In a study published in December in the journal Circulation, researchers in Spain revealed that full marathons may put significant strain on the heart. In order to do this, the team measured substances that can signal stress and found higher levels in runners who covered the classic 26.2 mile (42.2 kilometres) marathon distance compared with those who raced shorter distances such as a half-marathon or 10K, Health24 reports.
A study presented to the American College of Cardiology in 2009 found that the risk of sudden death during a marathon is 0.8 per 100,000 people. By comparison, the report found that triathlons – which ask users to complete three sequential endurance races in swimming, running and cycling – have a significantly higher risk of sudden death at 1.5 in 100,000. To put this into perspective, the risk of dying in childbirth in the UK in 2012 was 8.6 in 100,000 births, according to The Daily Telegraph.
How does it affect the heart?
A number of independent studies have found that marathons appear to cause damage to the heart in the short term, but researchers are unsure whether the effects are lasting. Some note that there are cardiovascular advantages to regular running. “Being fit is protective,” Dr James Freeman, a fellow in cardiovascular medicine at Stanford University School of Medicine told The New York Times. Professor Sanjay Sharma, medical director for the London Marathon, told the BBC that most people who have died during the London marathon have had previous heart conditions or heart disease.
Virgin, which sponsors the London Marathon, says that “running is good for the heart” and stresses that more than one million people have safely completed the marathon in its 38-year history, but acknowledges that there have still been “several fatalities from serious heart disease in runners apparently unaware that they had a problem”.
Since the first event in 1981, a total of 12 participants have died, the most recent of whom was former Masterchef semi-finalist Matt Campbell.Campbell collapsed and died during last year’s marathon, when temperatures hit an all-time high for the event.This news was followed just a few months later by reports that two men had died after collapsing at the finish line of the Cardiff Half Marathon in October 2018.
The competitors, aged 25 and 32, “went into cardiac arrest after crossing the finishing line within three minutes of each other, at about 12.25pm”, reports the BBC.Given the number of people who take part in such races each year, just how dangerous is long-distance running?
How safe are marathons?
The BBC reports that most of the casualties that occur during a race concern minor injuries, like pulled muscles, sprains and strains. These tend to heal quickly and on their own.
The broadcaster adds that dehydration is the biggest problem that marathon runners have to overcome. “In a hard race on a hot and humid day, up to four litres of fluid can be lost through sweating and exhalation,” it says. “It is important for runners to keep well hydrated.”
But an increasing number of studies are now linking long-distance running with sudden heart conditions and issues that were undetected previously, even if there is no family history of similar health issues.
In a study published in December in the journal Circulation, researchers in Spain revealed that full marathons may put significant strain on the heart. In order to do this, the team measured substances that can signal stress and found higher levels in runners who covered the classic 26.2 mile (42.2 kilometres) marathon distance compared with those who raced shorter distances such as a half-marathon or 10K, Health24 reports.
A study presented to the American College of Cardiology in 2009 found that the risk of sudden death during a marathon is 0.8 per 100,000 people. By comparison, the report found that triathlons – which ask users to complete three sequential endurance races in swimming, running and cycling – have a significantly higher risk of sudden death at 1.5 in 100,000. To put this into perspective, the risk of dying in childbirth in the UK in 2012 was 8.6 in 100,000 births, according to The Daily Telegraph.
How does it affect the heart?
A number of independent studies have found that marathons appear to cause damage to the heart in the short term, but researchers are unsure whether the effects are lasting. Some note that there are cardiovascular advantages to regular running. “Being fit is protective,” Dr James Freeman, a fellow in cardiovascular medicine at Stanford University School of Medicine told The New York Times. Professor Sanjay Sharma, medical director for the London Marathon, told the BBC that most people who have died during the London marathon have had previous heart conditions or heart disease.
In 2013, President Xi Jinping proposed that China would create a “Silk
Road Economic Belt” across Central Asia and Europe and a “21st Century
Maritime Silk Road” running through the South China Sea and the Indian
Ocean, on to the Middle East and Europe — programs meant to revive
ancient trade routes and reinforce existing ones. Beijing quickly wove
these two visions together and dubbed them the Belt and Road Initiative
(BRI).To get more belt and road, you can visit shine news official website.
While seemingly aimed at regional economic corridors, the BRI is in fact global and motivated by economic and strategic interests. A successful BRI would allow China to more efficiently utilize excess savings and construction capacity, expand trade, consolidate economic and diplomatic relations with participating countries, and diversify China’s import of energy and other resources through economic corridors that circumvent routes that are controlled by the U.S. and its allies.
The initiative is generally popular in the developing world, where almost all countries face infrastructure deficiencies and a shortage of resources to overcome them. Through large amounts of loans to participating countries to construct infrastructure in various sectors, the BRI can potentially bring significant benefits to these countries by filling their infrastructure gaps and boosting economic growth.
While popular with developing countries, the initiative has received various criticisms from advanced industrial economies: that the program lacks transparency and serves to facilitate China’s export of its authoritarian model; that the commercial loan terms are bringing on a new round of debt crises in the developing world; and that the projects have inadequate environmental and social safeguards.
This paper examines the implementation of BRI infrastructure projects in Africa in light of available information and concludes that African experiences with the BRI are quite heterogeneous. Some of the major borrowers have debt sustainability problems, while others have integrated the loans from China into sound overall macroeconomic programs. Some of the major borrowers are authoritarian countries with poor records of human rights, but other major participants are among the more democratic countries of Africa. It is hard to make simple generalizations about BRI in Africa. For this reason, it would be wise for Western countries to tone down their rhetoric on BRI, as many of the projects will probably work out well. It would help if Western countries provided more support to the International Monetary Fund to help countries manage their borrowing and to the World Bank to provide more infrastructure financing that increased options for the developing countries of Africa.
While seemingly aimed at regional economic corridors, the BRI is in fact global and motivated by economic and strategic interests. A successful BRI would allow China to more efficiently utilize excess savings and construction capacity, expand trade, consolidate economic and diplomatic relations with participating countries, and diversify China’s import of energy and other resources through economic corridors that circumvent routes that are controlled by the U.S. and its allies.
The initiative is generally popular in the developing world, where almost all countries face infrastructure deficiencies and a shortage of resources to overcome them. Through large amounts of loans to participating countries to construct infrastructure in various sectors, the BRI can potentially bring significant benefits to these countries by filling their infrastructure gaps and boosting economic growth.
While popular with developing countries, the initiative has received various criticisms from advanced industrial economies: that the program lacks transparency and serves to facilitate China’s export of its authoritarian model; that the commercial loan terms are bringing on a new round of debt crises in the developing world; and that the projects have inadequate environmental and social safeguards.
This paper examines the implementation of BRI infrastructure projects in Africa in light of available information and concludes that African experiences with the BRI are quite heterogeneous. Some of the major borrowers have debt sustainability problems, while others have integrated the loans from China into sound overall macroeconomic programs. Some of the major borrowers are authoritarian countries with poor records of human rights, but other major participants are among the more democratic countries of Africa. It is hard to make simple generalizations about BRI in Africa. For this reason, it would be wise for Western countries to tone down their rhetoric on BRI, as many of the projects will probably work out well. It would help if Western countries provided more support to the International Monetary Fund to help countries manage their borrowing and to the World Bank to provide more infrastructure financing that increased options for the developing countries of Africa.
Raloxifene HCL is an oral selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM)
that has estrogenic actions on bone and anti-estrogenic actions on the
uterus and breast. Raloxifene HCL is used in the prevention of
osteoporosis in postmenopausal women.Raloxifene powder
Fuction of Raloxifene HCL
Raloxifene HCL is used to prevent and treat osteoporosis (condition in which the bones become thin and weak and break easily) in women who have undergone menopause (change of life; end of menstrual periods).
Raloxifene HCL is also used to decrease the risk of developing invasive breast cancer (breast cancer that has spread outside of the milk ducts or lobules into the surrounding breast tissue) in women who are at high risk of developing this type of cancer or who have osteoporosis.
Raloxifene HCL cannot be used to treat invasive breast cancer or to prevent invasive breast cancer from coming back in women who have already had the condition.
Raloxifene HCL also cannot be used to decrease the risk of developing non-invasive breast cancer. Raloxifene HCL is in a class of medications called selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs). Raloxifene HCL prevents and treats osteoporosis by mimicking the effects of estrogen (a female hormone produced by the body) to increase the density (thickness) of bone.
Raloxifene HCL decreases the risk of developing invasive breast cancer by blocking the effects of estrogen on breast tissue.
Raloxifene HCL may stop the development of tumors that need estrogen to grow.
Application of Raloxifene HCL
Raloxifene Hydrochloride is an active pharmaceutical ingredient used to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women and to reduce the risk of invasive breast cancer in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis and in postmenopausal women at high risk for invasive breast cancer.
Fuction of Raloxifene HCL
Raloxifene HCL is used to prevent and treat osteoporosis (condition in which the bones become thin and weak and break easily) in women who have undergone menopause (change of life; end of menstrual periods).
Raloxifene HCL is also used to decrease the risk of developing invasive breast cancer (breast cancer that has spread outside of the milk ducts or lobules into the surrounding breast tissue) in women who are at high risk of developing this type of cancer or who have osteoporosis.
Raloxifene HCL cannot be used to treat invasive breast cancer or to prevent invasive breast cancer from coming back in women who have already had the condition.
Raloxifene HCL also cannot be used to decrease the risk of developing non-invasive breast cancer. Raloxifene HCL is in a class of medications called selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs). Raloxifene HCL prevents and treats osteoporosis by mimicking the effects of estrogen (a female hormone produced by the body) to increase the density (thickness) of bone.
Raloxifene HCL decreases the risk of developing invasive breast cancer by blocking the effects of estrogen on breast tissue.
Raloxifene HCL may stop the development of tumors that need estrogen to grow.
Application of Raloxifene HCL
Raloxifene Hydrochloride is an active pharmaceutical ingredient used to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women and to reduce the risk of invasive breast cancer in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis and in postmenopausal women at high risk for invasive breast cancer.
High Purity and High-Speed Delivery Anastrozole Acetate
Arimidex, Cas No: 120511-73-1, Anastrozole Acetate, Anastrol
Arimidex Description:
Ana strozoles
Arimidex Alias: Arimidex
Arimidex CAS No: 120511-73-1
Arimidex MF: C17H19N5
Arimidex MW: 293.37
Arimidex Purity: 98%min
Arimidex Appearance: White crystalline powder.
Arimidex Usage: An aromatase inhibitor. Used as an antineoplastic raw materials.
Potent selective triazole aromatase inhibitors, can inhibit the cytochrome P-450 aromatase enzyme which depends blocking the biosynthesis of estrogen, and estrogen to stimulate breast cancer cell growth factors. Treatment of breast cancer, especially for those with hormone relapse after adjuvant therapy after menopause for women with advanced breast cancer.
Arimidex Applications:
The drug is appropriately used when using substantial amounts of aromatizing steroids, or when one is prone to gynecomastia and using moderate amounts of such steroids. Arimidex does not have the side effects of aminoglutethimide (Cytadren) and can achieve a high degree of estrogen blockade, much moreso than Cytadren. It is possible to reduce estrogen too much with Arimidex, and for this reason blood tests, or less preferably salivary tests, should be taken after the first week of use to determine if the dosing is correct.
Arimidex, Cas No: 120511-73-1, Anastrozole Acetate, Anastrol
Arimidex Description:
Ana strozoles
Arimidex Alias: Arimidex
Arimidex CAS No: 120511-73-1
Arimidex MF: C17H19N5
Arimidex MW: 293.37
Arimidex Purity: 98%min
Arimidex Appearance: White crystalline powder.
Arimidex Usage: An aromatase inhibitor. Used as an antineoplastic raw materials.
Potent selective triazole aromatase inhibitors, can inhibit the cytochrome P-450 aromatase enzyme which depends blocking the biosynthesis of estrogen, and estrogen to stimulate breast cancer cell growth factors. Treatment of breast cancer, especially for those with hormone relapse after adjuvant therapy after menopause for women with advanced breast cancer.
Arimidex Applications:
The drug is appropriately used when using substantial amounts of aromatizing steroids, or when one is prone to gynecomastia and using moderate amounts of such steroids. Arimidex does not have the side effects of aminoglutethimide (Cytadren) and can achieve a high degree of estrogen blockade, much moreso than Cytadren. It is possible to reduce estrogen too much with Arimidex, and for this reason blood tests, or less preferably salivary tests, should be taken after the first week of use to determine if the dosing is correct.
Appearance: Off-white crystalline powder
Packing: Aluminum foil bag+cardboard box, 100 grams/bag; 500 grams/bag; 1kg/bag
Used: Raw material powder
Min. Order quantity: 5g
Terms of payment: T/T, Western Union, Money Gram
Way of shipping: EMS, DHL, FedEx, UPS
Product info.
No Side Effect Arimidex Steroid Healthly Anti Estrogen Hormone
Anastrozole Arimidex is a non-steroidal drug which is used to treat breast cancer. It has been thoroughly studied in women with breast cancer between the 5th-8th decades of life. There are some breast cancers which are dependent on estrogen for their growth. Arimidex acts by suppressing the levels of estrogen in the body and thus reduces the growth of breast cancer. The drug is first line treatment in post menopausal women with early breast cancer or in those with advanced breast cancer despite taking tamoxifen. Arimidex is often combined with other drugs to treat breast cancer in post menopausal women. The drug has been used to treat early or advanced breast cancer in women all cultures and races.β-agonist Powder
The trial suggested that is the preferred medical therapy for Postmenopausal women with localized breast cancer that is estrogen receptor (ER) positive.
Three azole potent selective aromatase inhibitors, which inhibit rely on aromatase cytochrome P -450 to block estrogen biosynthesis, and the main factors of estrogen to stimulate breast cancer cell growth. It can treat breast cancer, especially suitable for those who relapse after treatment with hormone auxiliary advanced breast cancer after menopause women.
Packing: Aluminum foil bag+cardboard box, 100 grams/bag; 500 grams/bag; 1kg/bag
Used: Raw material powder
Min. Order quantity: 5g
Terms of payment: T/T, Western Union, Money Gram
Way of shipping: EMS, DHL, FedEx, UPS
Product info.
No Side Effect Arimidex Steroid Healthly Anti Estrogen Hormone
Anastrozole Arimidex is a non-steroidal drug which is used to treat breast cancer. It has been thoroughly studied in women with breast cancer between the 5th-8th decades of life. There are some breast cancers which are dependent on estrogen for their growth. Arimidex acts by suppressing the levels of estrogen in the body and thus reduces the growth of breast cancer. The drug is first line treatment in post menopausal women with early breast cancer or in those with advanced breast cancer despite taking tamoxifen. Arimidex is often combined with other drugs to treat breast cancer in post menopausal women. The drug has been used to treat early or advanced breast cancer in women all cultures and races.β-agonist Powder
The trial suggested that is the preferred medical therapy for Postmenopausal women with localized breast cancer that is estrogen receptor (ER) positive.
Three azole potent selective aromatase inhibitors, which inhibit rely on aromatase cytochrome P -450 to block estrogen biosynthesis, and the main factors of estrogen to stimulate breast cancer cell growth. It can treat breast cancer, especially suitable for those who relapse after treatment with hormone auxiliary advanced breast cancer after menopause women.
The chemical name for Timolol maleate is
(S)-1-[(1,1-dimethylethyl)amino]-3-[[4-(4-morpholinyl)-1,2,5-thiadiazol-3-yl]oxy]-2-propanol
(Z)-2-butenedioate (1:1) salt. It possesses an asymmetric carbon atom
in its structure and is provided as the levo isomer. Its molecular
formula is C13H24N4O3S•C4H4O4and its structural formula is:
Timolol maleate has a molecular weight of 432.50. It is a white, odorless, crystalline powder which is soluble in water, methanol, and alcohol.Timolol maleate is supplied as tablets containing 5 mg, 10 mg and 20 mg Timolol maleate for oral administration. Inactive ingredients are: colloidal silicon dioxide, croscarmellose sodium, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, pregelatinized maize starch, sodium lauryl sulfate.Timolol
CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
Timolol maleate is a beta1 and beta2 (nonselective) adrenergic receptor blocking agent that does not have significant intrinsic sympathomimetic, direct myocardial depressant, or local anesthetic activity.
Pharmacodynamics
Clinical pharmacology studies have confirmed the beta-adrenergic blocking activity as shown by (1) changes in resting heart rate and response of heart rate to changes in posture; (2) inhibition of isoproterenol-induced tachycardia; (3) alteration of the response to the Valsalva maneuver and amyl nitrite administration; and (4) reduction of heart rate and blood pressure changes on exercise.
Timolol decreases the positive chronotropic, positive inotropic, bronchodilator, and vasodilator responses caused by beta-adrenergic receptor agonists. The magnitude of this decreased response is proportional to the existing sympathetic tone and the concentration of Timolol at receptor sites.In normal volunteers, the reduction in heart rate response to a standard exercise was dose dependent over the test range of 0.5 to 20 mg, with a peak reduction at 2 hours of approximately 30% at higher doses.
Beta-adrenergic receptor blockade reduces cardiac output in both healthy subjects and patients with heart disease. In patients with severe impairment of myocardial function beta-adrenergic receptor blockade may inhibit the stimulatory effect of the sympathetic nervous system necessary to maintain adequate cardiac function.
Beta-adrenergic receptor blockade in the bronchi and bronchioles results in increased airway resistance from unopposed parasympathetic activity. Such an effect in patients with asthma or other bronchospastic conditions is potentially dangerous.
Clinical studies indicate that Timolol maleate at a dosage of 20 to 60 mg/day reduces blood pressure without causing postural hypotension in most patients with essential hypertension. Administration of Timolol to patients with hypertension results initially in a decrease in cardiac output, little immediate change in blood pressure, and an increase in calculated peripheral resistance. With continued administration of Timolol, blood pressure decreases within a few days, cardiac output usually remains reduced, and peripheral resistance falls toward pretreatment levels. Plasma volume may decrease or remain unchanged during therapy with Timolol. In the majority of patients with hypertension Timolol also decreases plasma renin activity. Dosage adjustment to achieve optimal antihypertensive effect may require a few weeks. When therapy with Timolol is discontinued, the blood pressure tends to return to pretreatment levels gradually. In most patients the antihypertensive activity of Timolol is maintained with long-term therapy and is well tolerated.
The mechanism of the antihypertensive effects of beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agents is not established at this time. Possible mechanisms of action include reduction in cardiac output, reduction in plasma renin activity, and a central nervous system sympatholytic action.
A Norwegian multi-center, double-blind study, which included patients 20 to 75 years of age, compared the effects of Timolol maleate with placebo in 1,884 patients who had survived the acute phase of a myocardial infarction. Patients with systolic blood pressure below 100 mm Hg, sick sinus syndrome and contraindications to beta-blockers, including uncontrolled heart failure, second- or third-degree AV block and bradycardia (< 50 beats per minute), were excluded from the multi-center trial. Therapy with Timolol, begun 7 to 28 days following infarction, was shown to reduce overall mortality; this was primarily attributable to a reduction in cardiovascular mortality. Timolol significantly reduced the incidence of sudden deaths (deaths occurring without symptoms or within 24 hours of the onset of symptoms), including those occurring within one hour, and particularly instantaneous deaths (those occurring without preceding symptoms). The protective effect of Timolol was consistent regardless of age, sex or site of infarction. The effect was clearest in patients with a first infarction who were considered at a high risk of dying, defined as those with one or more of the following characteristics during the acute phase: transient left ventricular failure, cardiomegaly, newly appearing atrial fibrillation or flutter, systolic hypotension, or SGOT (ASAT) levels greater than four times the upper limit of normal. Therapy with Timolol also reduced the incidence of nonfatal reinfarction. The mechanism of the protective effect of Timolol is unknown.
Timolol was studied for the prophylactic treatment of migraine headache in placebo-controlled clinical trials involving 400 patients, mostly women between the ages of 18 and 66 years. Common migraine was the most frequent diagnosis. All patients had at least two headaches per month at baseline. Approximately 50 percent of patients who received Timolol had a reduction in the frequency of migraine headache of at least 50 percent, compared to a similar decrease in frequency in 30 percent of patients receiving placebo. The most common cardiovascular adverse effect was bradycardia (5
.
Timolol maleate has a molecular weight of 432.50. It is a white, odorless, crystalline powder which is soluble in water, methanol, and alcohol.Timolol maleate is supplied as tablets containing 5 mg, 10 mg and 20 mg Timolol maleate for oral administration. Inactive ingredients are: colloidal silicon dioxide, croscarmellose sodium, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, pregelatinized maize starch, sodium lauryl sulfate.Timolol
CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
Timolol maleate is a beta1 and beta2 (nonselective) adrenergic receptor blocking agent that does not have significant intrinsic sympathomimetic, direct myocardial depressant, or local anesthetic activity.
Pharmacodynamics
Clinical pharmacology studies have confirmed the beta-adrenergic blocking activity as shown by (1) changes in resting heart rate and response of heart rate to changes in posture; (2) inhibition of isoproterenol-induced tachycardia; (3) alteration of the response to the Valsalva maneuver and amyl nitrite administration; and (4) reduction of heart rate and blood pressure changes on exercise.
Timolol decreases the positive chronotropic, positive inotropic, bronchodilator, and vasodilator responses caused by beta-adrenergic receptor agonists. The magnitude of this decreased response is proportional to the existing sympathetic tone and the concentration of Timolol at receptor sites.In normal volunteers, the reduction in heart rate response to a standard exercise was dose dependent over the test range of 0.5 to 20 mg, with a peak reduction at 2 hours of approximately 30% at higher doses.
Beta-adrenergic receptor blockade reduces cardiac output in both healthy subjects and patients with heart disease. In patients with severe impairment of myocardial function beta-adrenergic receptor blockade may inhibit the stimulatory effect of the sympathetic nervous system necessary to maintain adequate cardiac function.
Beta-adrenergic receptor blockade in the bronchi and bronchioles results in increased airway resistance from unopposed parasympathetic activity. Such an effect in patients with asthma or other bronchospastic conditions is potentially dangerous.
Clinical studies indicate that Timolol maleate at a dosage of 20 to 60 mg/day reduces blood pressure without causing postural hypotension in most patients with essential hypertension. Administration of Timolol to patients with hypertension results initially in a decrease in cardiac output, little immediate change in blood pressure, and an increase in calculated peripheral resistance. With continued administration of Timolol, blood pressure decreases within a few days, cardiac output usually remains reduced, and peripheral resistance falls toward pretreatment levels. Plasma volume may decrease or remain unchanged during therapy with Timolol. In the majority of patients with hypertension Timolol also decreases plasma renin activity. Dosage adjustment to achieve optimal antihypertensive effect may require a few weeks. When therapy with Timolol is discontinued, the blood pressure tends to return to pretreatment levels gradually. In most patients the antihypertensive activity of Timolol is maintained with long-term therapy and is well tolerated.
The mechanism of the antihypertensive effects of beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agents is not established at this time. Possible mechanisms of action include reduction in cardiac output, reduction in plasma renin activity, and a central nervous system sympatholytic action.
A Norwegian multi-center, double-blind study, which included patients 20 to 75 years of age, compared the effects of Timolol maleate with placebo in 1,884 patients who had survived the acute phase of a myocardial infarction. Patients with systolic blood pressure below 100 mm Hg, sick sinus syndrome and contraindications to beta-blockers, including uncontrolled heart failure, second- or third-degree AV block and bradycardia (< 50 beats per minute), were excluded from the multi-center trial. Therapy with Timolol, begun 7 to 28 days following infarction, was shown to reduce overall mortality; this was primarily attributable to a reduction in cardiovascular mortality. Timolol significantly reduced the incidence of sudden deaths (deaths occurring without symptoms or within 24 hours of the onset of symptoms), including those occurring within one hour, and particularly instantaneous deaths (those occurring without preceding symptoms). The protective effect of Timolol was consistent regardless of age, sex or site of infarction. The effect was clearest in patients with a first infarction who were considered at a high risk of dying, defined as those with one or more of the following characteristics during the acute phase: transient left ventricular failure, cardiomegaly, newly appearing atrial fibrillation or flutter, systolic hypotension, or SGOT (ASAT) levels greater than four times the upper limit of normal. Therapy with Timolol also reduced the incidence of nonfatal reinfarction. The mechanism of the protective effect of Timolol is unknown.
Timolol was studied for the prophylactic treatment of migraine headache in placebo-controlled clinical trials involving 400 patients, mostly women between the ages of 18 and 66 years. Common migraine was the most frequent diagnosis. All patients had at least two headaches per month at baseline. Approximately 50 percent of patients who received Timolol had a reduction in the frequency of migraine headache of at least 50 percent, compared to a similar decrease in frequency in 30 percent of patients receiving placebo. The most common cardiovascular adverse effect was bradycardia (5
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To compare the clinical efficacy and side effects of terbutaline and
salbutamol administered by metered dose inhaler and holding chamber in
the mild to moderate acute exacerbations of asthma in children. The
study subjects were children in the age group of 5- 15 years who
presented with a mild or moderate acute exacerbation of asthma. Baseline
assessment included clinical parameters and spirometry. Terbutaline powder
The children were then randomized to receive salbutamol or terbutaline. Three puffs each of either 100 mcg salbutamol or 250 mcg of terbutaline were administered using 750 ml holding chamber with valve. Thirty minutes after drug administration, the children were reevaluated for clinical parameters and spirometry. Of the total 60 subjects studied, 31 were administered terbutaline and 29 salbutamol.
The baseline spirometric parameters were comparable. After drug administration, all the studied variables showed significant improvement within each group. However, there were no statistically significant differences when the two groups were compared with each other. There was no significant difference in the side effects between two groups. Terbutaline and salbutamol, when administered by MDI with holding chamber, are equally efficacious in children with mild or moderate acute exacerbation of asthma.
The children were then randomized to receive salbutamol or terbutaline. Three puffs each of either 100 mcg salbutamol or 250 mcg of terbutaline were administered using 750 ml holding chamber with valve. Thirty minutes after drug administration, the children were reevaluated for clinical parameters and spirometry. Of the total 60 subjects studied, 31 were administered terbutaline and 29 salbutamol.
The baseline spirometric parameters were comparable. After drug administration, all the studied variables showed significant improvement within each group. However, there were no statistically significant differences when the two groups were compared with each other. There was no significant difference in the side effects between two groups. Terbutaline and salbutamol, when administered by MDI with holding chamber, are equally efficacious in children with mild or moderate acute exacerbation of asthma.
Women taking a new breast cancer drug are living longer than those taking Tamoxifen - the current 'gold standard' treatment.
Doctors predict the new drug, Arimidex, will improve long-term survival for women using hormonal therapy for the first time in decades.Tamoxifen
Claimed as the biggest breakthrough in treatment for 20 years, it is the first drug to challenge tamoxifen, the standard treatment for postmenopausal women after surgery.
Trial results out yesterday show the risk of a relapse within four years of surgery is cut by almost a fifth more in women taking Arimidex.
Only 413 of 3,125 women taking the new drug had a breast cancer relapse or died compared with 472 of 3,116 women using tamoxifen.
The latest research findings show Arimidex is much more effective than tamoxifen, which is normally used to stop patients successfully treated with surgery from developing a tumour in the other breast.
Previous trial results found that although tamoxifen halves the risk of a new cancer in the other breast - Arimidex halves it again.
Women taking Arimidex also suffer fewer cases of deep vein thrombosis and womb cancer - known sideeffects of tamoxifen use.
Professor Jeffrey Tobias, Professor of Cancer Medicine at University College and Middlesex School of Medicine and one of the trial investigators, said: 'The results show that women taking Arimidex remain disease-free for longer than those on tamoxifen - so far we have observed fewer recurrences and a longer time before relapse in these patients.'
The study of 9,300 post-menopausal women worldwide, including 3,000 Britons, involves women being given Arimidex, tamoxifen or both.
It shows that women with tumours that respond to hormonal therapy have an 18 per cent lower risk of a relapse after about four years of treatment, according to results released at the San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium, Texas.
Doctors predict the new drug, Arimidex, will improve long-term survival for women using hormonal therapy for the first time in decades.Tamoxifen
Claimed as the biggest breakthrough in treatment for 20 years, it is the first drug to challenge tamoxifen, the standard treatment for postmenopausal women after surgery.
Trial results out yesterday show the risk of a relapse within four years of surgery is cut by almost a fifth more in women taking Arimidex.
Only 413 of 3,125 women taking the new drug had a breast cancer relapse or died compared with 472 of 3,116 women using tamoxifen.
The latest research findings show Arimidex is much more effective than tamoxifen, which is normally used to stop patients successfully treated with surgery from developing a tumour in the other breast.
Previous trial results found that although tamoxifen halves the risk of a new cancer in the other breast - Arimidex halves it again.
Women taking Arimidex also suffer fewer cases of deep vein thrombosis and womb cancer - known sideeffects of tamoxifen use.
Professor Jeffrey Tobias, Professor of Cancer Medicine at University College and Middlesex School of Medicine and one of the trial investigators, said: 'The results show that women taking Arimidex remain disease-free for longer than those on tamoxifen - so far we have observed fewer recurrences and a longer time before relapse in these patients.'
The study of 9,300 post-menopausal women worldwide, including 3,000 Britons, involves women being given Arimidex, tamoxifen or both.
It shows that women with tumours that respond to hormonal therapy have an 18 per cent lower risk of a relapse after about four years of treatment, according to results released at the San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium, Texas.