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Study Details
In the double-blind trial, conducted at 158 sites in the United States, Canada, and Ireland, 3,966 postmenopausal women with stage I–IIIA hormone receptor–positive breast cancer who were disease-free after approximately 5 years of treatment with an aromatase inhibitor or tamoxifen followed by an aromatase inhibitor were randomly assigned between September 2006 and January 2010 to receive 5 years of letrozole 2.5 mg per day (n = 1,983) or placebo (n = 1,983). The primary endpoint was disease-free survival, defined as time from randomization to breast cancer recurrence, second primary malignancy, or death. Follow-up information was available for 3,903 patients for the analysis of disease-free survival, including 1,950 in the letrozole group and 1,953 in the placebo group. The two-sided statistical significance level for disease-free survival was set at .0418 to adjust for previous interim analyses.
Disease-free survival events were observed in 292 patients in the letrozole group vs 339 patients in the placebo group (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.85, P = .048, which did not meet the prespecified significance level). Estimated disease-free survival at 7 years was 84.7% in the letrozole group vs 81.3% in the placebo group. In multivariate analysis adjusting for the significant prognostic factors of age, pathologic node status, previous tamoxifen use, and type of surgery, the HR for disease-free survival was 0.86 (P = .0501). A beneficial effect of letrozole was more pronounced in patients who underwent mastectomy, had received previous tamoxifen, and had a lowest bone mineral density score of –2.0 or less, although the differences in these groups were not statistically significant. The largest differences in disease-free survival events for the letrozole vs placebo groups were in distant recurrence (61 vs 87 events) and contralateral breast cancer (30 vs 59 events).
No significant difference in overall survival was observed for letrozole vs placebo (HR = 1.15, P = .22). Estimated 7-year overall survival was 91.8% vs 92.3%. A total of 93 patients died from breast cancer, including 46 in the letrozole group and 47 in the placebo group.
The most common grade 3 adverse events were arthralgia (3% vs 2
and back pain (2% vs 2.
The most common grade 4 adverse events were urinary tract infection,
hypokalemia, and left ventricular systolic dysfunction (four patients
each, < 1% each) in the letrozole group and thromboembolic events (8
patients, < 1in the placebo group.The investigators concluded: “After 5 years of aromatase inhibitor–based therapy, 5 years of letrozole therapy did not significantly prolong disease-free survival compared with placebo. Careful assessment of potential risks and benefits is required before recommending extended letrozole therapy to patients with early-stage breast cancer.
Other actions of tamoxifen are: Reduction of plasma levels of insulin-like growth factor; Induction of cells surrounding cancer cells to secrete transforming growth factor b; Inhibition of membrane lipid peroxidation probably by decreasing membrane fluidity.
Protein kinase C inhibitor. Induces apoptosis in human malignant glioma cell lines. Tamoxifen and its metabolite 4-hydroxytamoxifen are selective estrogen response modifiers (SERMs) that act as estrogen antagonists in mammary gland. Blocks estradiol-stimulated VEGF production in breast tumor cells.
Soluble in methanol (50 mg/mL with heat) or ethanol (10 mg/mL with sonication); very slightly soluble in water (0.3 mg/L at 20 °C; the pH is approximately 3.0-3.5), 0.02 N HCl (0.2 mg/mL at 37 °C), acetone or chloroform.www.aasraw.com/products/tamoxifen-citrate-nolvadex-powder /a>
The major change between these two agents is their tissue selectivity. Although raloxifene hydrochloride is a strong antiestrogen in the mammary gland and uterine tissue, it appears to be estrogen in the bones. This allows it to protect bone density and mimic the beneficial effects of endogenous estradiol. This is quite different from tamoxifen, tamoxifen in the breast and bone are anti-estrogen effect.
In the fight against estrogen, raloxifene hydrochloride has been approved by the FDA for the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Other potential uses are being studied, including treatment and prevention of cardiovascular disease, breast cancer, men's breast development, prostate cancer, acromegaly and uterine cancer.
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This binding results in activation of estrogenic pathways in some tissues (agonism) and and the blockade of estrogenic pathways in other tissues (antagonism). The agonistic or antagonistic activity of raloxiffene depends on the extent of recruitment of coactivators and corepressors to estrogen receptor (ER) target gene promotors.
Raloxifene Hcl appears to act as an estrogen agonist in bone. It decreases bone resorption and bone turnover, increases bone mineral density and decreases fracture incidence.
Raloxifene Hydrochloride Application:
1) Raloxifene Hcl used to prevent & treat osteoporosis in women who have undergone menopause.
2) Raloxifene Hcl used to decrease the risk of developing invasive breast cancer in women who are at high risk of developing this type of cancer or who have osteoporosis. Raloxifene Hcl cannot be used to treat invasive breast cancer or to prevent invasive breast cancer from coming back in women who have already had the condition.
3) Raloxifene Hcl prevents and treats osteoporosis by mimicking the effects of estrogen to increase the density (thickness) of bone.
4) Raloxifene Hcl decreases the risk of developing invasive breast cancer by blocking the effects of estrogen on breast tissue, which may stop the development of tumors that need estrogen to grow.
Deca Quick Detail:
Nandrolone Decanoate Deca Durabolin Durabol
Nandrolone Decanoate CAS No: 360-70-3
Deca Einecs No: 206-639-3
Durabolin MF: C28H44O3
Durabol MW: 428.65
Deca Purity: Nandrolone Decanoate purity is 99.5%
Durabolin Appearance: Nandrolone Decanoate white or oyster white to pale yellow crystalline powder
Durabol Usage: Pharmaceutical material, Steroid hormone, Anabolin. Is a male hormone, anabolic hormones drugs.
Durabolin Standard: USP28; BP2003
Deca Storage: Shading, Confined Preservation
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Recipe for DECA 160mg/ml @250ml
40 grams Nandrolone Decanoate
162.5 ml sesame oil
12.5ml BA 5%
37.5ml BB 15%
Recipe for DECA 50 ml @ 200 mg/ml
10 grams Nandrolone Decanoate
32.50 ml sesame oil
2.5ml BA 5%
7.50ml BB 15%
Description:
Nandrolone decanoate is an injectable sort of the anabolic steroid. Nandrolone decanoate displays relatively powerful anabolic attributes. Dissimilar testosterone, however, Nandrolone decanoate tissue-building action is attended by weak androgenic facilities. The modest attributes of nandrolone decanoate have made it among the most pop injectable steroids in global, highly preferred by athletes for its power to promote important strength and lean muscle mass increases without strong androgenic or estrogenic side effects.
Applications:
Nandrolone decanoate is wide disposable in human andveterinary drug marketplaces. Structural. Nandrolone decanoate is a modified sort of nandrolone. Esterified steroids are proposed to prolong the window of therapeutical effect following administration, allowable for a lower periodic injection docket compared to injections of free
Usage: Can be used as pharmaceutical material, As a male hormone and anabolic hormones. It is an anabolic steroid with strong androgenic properties that has been used in the treatment of male hypogonadism, delayed puberty in males, and in the treatment of breast neoplasms in women,
Description:
Fluoxymesterone powder-e Halotestin is used to treat low testosterone levels in males and breast cancer in females. Though the half-life of fluoxymesterone is about 9.2 hours.
Halotestin also exerts its effects on strength and fat loss by both regulation of fatty acid oxidation in the liver and fast-twitch muscle mitochondria.
Halotestin is used in men who do not make enough of a natural substance called testosterone.
Abnormal drug-seeking behavior is possible with Halotestin, and it is frequently misused for its muscle-enhancing effects.
Fluoxymesteron also exerts its effects on strength and fat loss by both regulation of fatty acid oxidation in the liver and fast-twitch muscle mitochondria. Oddly, for a drug which exerts such a nice anabolic effect, and promotes such good strength gains, Halotestin has a pretty low Androgen Receptor Binding affinity. I suppose, in this respect it can be compared to Winstrol (Stanozolol).
As far as strength and agression goes, Halo is a great drug. Halotestin is especially useful on a cutting or strength cycle. Its use for mass and weight gains have been pretty disappointing for most users, however.
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THIS NOOTROPICS COMPANY DEVELOPED THE KETO DIET HACK YOU’VE BEEN WAITING FOR
Over the last few years, the keto diet has become a very popular weight loss method, and it’s not hard to understand why. If you do keto right, not only will you burn fat and shed pounds, but you’ll also feel more clear-headed and experience fewer fluctuations in your energy levels. Generally speaking, those are all good things.
Unfortunately, as most doctors and nutritionists will tell you, keto also comes with some very serious risks. The diet’s high saturated fat intake can put you at risk for heart disease, while its avoidance of carbohydrates, including most fruits and vegetables, can lead to a huge nutrient deficiency.Nootropic Raw Powder
Of course, the most dedicated keto practitioners can avoid these dangers with rigorous scientific precision and monitoring. But for the average person, it’s not that simple.
One product offers the chance to change that – TruBrain Ketones, a dietary supplement from the company behind the highly acclaimed TruBrain nootropics. According to the company, you can give your body and your mind the most efficient fuel possible without drastically changing your lifestyle to accommodate the keto diet.
To understand how TruBrain Ketones work, we have to go back and look at how the keto diet works.
The purpose of the keto, or ketogenic diet, is to force the body to burn a different type of fuel. Normally the body’s primary source of energy is glucose. Glucose is derived from carbohydrates, which are found in grains, legumes, vegetables, and fruits. However, if you deprive the body of carbohydrates long enough, it will go into ketosis. Ketosis is a metabolic state in which the liver breaks down fat into fatty acids and ketones. The ketones then replace glucose as the body’s primary fuel.
There are several advantages to using ketones as fuel instead of glucose. For starters, ketones are a more efficient fuel, requiring less energy for the body to use. And unlike glucose, ketones don’t rely on insulin for transportation, which eliminates a very complicated process that often results in sudden drops of energy and leave you craving more sugar. Basically, when your body is burning ketones, you’ll have more energy and a clearer head.
There are different ways to reach ketosis and increase the amount of ketones in your body. One of them is a strict adherence to the high-fat, low-carb keto diet. Another is fasting. But for most people, these methods can be difficult to pull off and maintain. That’s where TruBrain Ketones comes in.
TruBrain Ketones is a powder that you dissolve in water. One scoop of the supplement contains 12g of a key ketone body called betahydroxybutyrate. Without any dietary adjustment, the normal level of ketones in the body is somewhere in the range of 0-0.6mmol/L. Simply adding TruBrain Ketones to an average diet will raise the level of ketones to 1-1.5mmol/L. And a three-month subscription to TruBrain Ketones comes with an easy-to-use at-home testing kit, so you can track your ketone levels for yourself.
In short, TruBrain Ketones offers a more practical way to achieve a higher concentration of ketones compared to the traditional keto diet or fasting. So if you’re looking for a way to boost your energy, enhance your workouts, and soothe your busy mind without the drawbacks of the keto diet, this supplement could be for you.
Futurism fans: To create this content, a non-editorial team worked with an affiliate partner. We may collect a small commission on items purchased through this page. This post does not necessarily reflect the views or the endorsement of the Futurism.com editorial staff.
What Are Nootropics?
Whether you're a college student hoping to ace your exams, a busy professional striving for a promotion, or an older adult concerned about dementia, the idea of popping a pill that boosts your brainpower might seem pretty appealing. So perhaps it's not surprising that the use of Nootropic Powder -- aka cognitive enhancers or smart drugs -- is on the rise. But do they work? And are they safe?
The term "nootropics" first referred to chemicals that met very specific criteria. But now it's used to refer to any natural or synthetic substance that may have a positive impact on mental skills. In general, nootropics fall into three general categories: dietary supplements, synthetic compounds, and prescription drugs.
While health experts generally agree that taking a prescription nootropic for an FDA-approved purpose (such as a stimulant medication if you have ADHD or donepezil if you have Alzheimer’s) may be helpful, the use of any type of cognitive enhancer in healthy people is far more controversial.
Barry Gordon, MD, PhD, director of the cognitive neurology/neuropsychology division at Johns Hopkins Medicine, says there's "no strong evidence" that any of the supplements now being sold for their supposed memory-boosting powers are helpful. "It's not clear that they work and not clear that they're safe," he says. He’s also skeptical of the basic premise behind nootropics.
"The circuits that are involved in human cognition are very complicated and not fully understood," he says. "You can't just 'turn up the dial' that easily." He notes that people who believe their mental performance has increased thanks to nootropics are largely being influenced by a placebo effect. "If you're more confident and think you'll do better, you will do better.
Chris D'Adamo, PhD, director of research and education at the University of Maryland’s Center for Integrative Medicine, has a different take. Like Gordon, he doesn't think nootropics will give you superhuman mental abilities, but he does believe they have the potential to offer some people an edge.
"Most people seeking to optimize cognitive function would be better off focusing on getting enough sleep, eating a nutrient-dense diet, and managing their stress," he says. But once you have those basics down, the right nootropics might serve as a bonus, helping you think more clearly and sharply or reduce your chances of cognitive decline as you age, he says.
Tulobuterol HCL (56776-01-3)
Tulobuterol is a long-acting
beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist. Tulobuterol has almost no effects on
blood pressure and heart rate and is highly selective for the tracheal
muscle. It is indicated to improve symptoms such as respiratory distress
caused by airway obstruction of bronchial asthma, bronchitis, chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and emphysema.56776-01-3
You
probably heard the term ‘Nootropics’ which references a category of
supplements designed to influence cognitive functions. Noopept, or
N-phenylacetyl-L-prolylglycine ethyl ester, is a nootropic molecule that
research has shown can improve cognitive functions, including focus
& memory.
Noopept was developed as an alternative to a well known pharmaceutical called piracetam which delivered similar benefits but required much larger dosages (as much as 4000% compared to Noopept).
Noopept users are regularly reporting positive impact in the different areas including improved focus & clarity, learning capacity, improved information processing and more. Also, research shows that Noopept is rapidly absorbed in the body and demonstrated half-life averages about 1 hour (20mg dosage).
Noopept has been shown in various cases to carry cognitive benefits. Many of the studies surrounding Noopept have been conducted in Russia, with few conducted in other countries. When it comes to tests on humans, again the research is limited and when it exists were usually not performed on healthy humans. The clinical dose to get the Noopept benefits is reported to be somewhere in between 15mg-20mg.
Based on the benefits mentioned above you could easily imagine the reason why Noopept has been increasingly finding itself in Pre Workout & Fat burner Supplements. Just like other Nootropics, Noopept promised to keep you focused during your workout or on your diet, and improve your overall performance.
The number of products currently including Noopept is limited, but it’s safe to guess you will see it more often in Pre Workouts, Fat burners and mostly in the ‘nootropic’ category. Some of the products are: Redcon1 Mental Trigger, Nootropic. Condemned Labz – Arsyn fat burner, Primeval Labs – ‘Gray Matter’ Nootropic & more.
FDA Warning Letters: An Overview of 2019’s Letters So Far
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issues Warning Letters to biopharma, medical device and food companies when they find that a manufacturer has significantly violated FDA regulations. As of March 4, the agency issued 45 Warning Letters this year. Some are related to food companies, while quite a few are related to “vaping” products. Here’s a look at this year’s Warning Letters aimed at biopharmaceutical companies.buy Noopept powder
Lymol Medical Corporation. Although somewhat outside the view of BioSpace’s coverage, it is mentioned here because it involves contamination of Sterile Talc Powder, which is an issue that has plagued Johnson & Johnson in recent years. The FDA issued a letter to Lymol on Jan. 8 related to lead content in talc.
Vitalab Pharmacy dba Vasco Rx. Vitalab was warned on Jan. 10 regarding “serious deficiencies in your practices for producing sterile drug products, which put patients at risk.” There appear to be issues with a laminar airflow hood design and poor aseptic technique on the part of technicians.
Vipor Chemicals Private. A Warning Letter was sent on Jan. 29 citing Vipor, located in India, with “significant deviations from current good manufacturing practices (CGMP) for active pharmaceutical ingredients (API).” It also indicated one of the company’s suppliers, Basic Pharma Life Science Private (Ankleshwar, India) had been placed on FDA Import Alert 99-32 for refusing an FDA inspection on Oct. 10, 2017.
Hangzhou Sunking Nonwovens Co. The FDA issued a Warning Letter on Jan. 29 to China’s Hangzhou over an August 2018 inspection, citing several significant violations of CGMP regulations for finished pharmaceuticals.
New Era Naturals. Based in Durango, Colo., New Era received a Warning Letter after a March to April 2018 inspection, citing CGMP regulation violations for finished pharmaceuticals. In addition to not conforming to the CGMP regulations, the company’s “drug products are not listed with FDA as required by section 510(j) of the FD&C Act. Failure to properly list a drug product is prohibited and will render a drug misbranded.”
Green Water. Based in Conifer, Colo., Green Water was cited after a June and July 2018 inspection of its manufacturing facility. They were warned about serious violations of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, specifically over unapproved new and misbranded drugs and issues with labeling.