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Molecular Formula: C26H29NO.C6H8O7
Molecular weight: 563.64
CAS NO.: 54965-24-1
Appearance: white crystalline powder
MP: 140-144 ºC
How It Works
is the most commonly used hormone therapy for the treatment of breast cancer.
to know more about Antiestrogen,powder,liquid,peptide,prohormone)
Description:
Many women have breast cancer that tests positive for estrogen receptors
(ER+). This means that estrogen promotes the growth of the breast
cancer cells. T`amoxifen blocks the effects of estrogen on these cells.
It is often called an “anti-estrogen. “Tamoxifen powder
Application:
Tamoxifen Citrate is agent that demonstrates potent anti-estrogenic
properties. The drug is technically an estrogen agonist/antagonist,
which competitively binds to estrogen receptors in various target
tissues. With the t`amoxifen molecule bound to this receptor, estrogen
is blocked from exerting any action, and an anti-estrogenic effect is
achieved. Since many forms of breast cancer are responsive to estrogen,
the ability of t`amoxifen citrate to block its action in such cells has
proven to be a very effective treatment. It is also utilized
successfully as a preventative measure, taken by people with an
extremely high familial tendency for breast cancer.
Sotalol (3930-20-9) Mechanism Of Action
Sotalol powder is indicated to treat life threatening ventricular arrhytmias and maintain normal sinus rhythm in patients with atrial fibrillation or flutter.Label There are also oral solutions and intravenous injections indicated for patients requiring sotalol, but for whom a tablet would not be appropriate.
Sotalol powder is a competitive inhibitor of the rapid potassium
channel. This inhibition lengthens the duration of action potentials and
the refractory period in the atria and ventricles. The inhibition of
rapid potassium channels is increases as heart rate decreases, which is
why adverse effects like torsades de points is more likely to be seen at
lower heart rates.6 L-sotalol also has beta adrenergic receptor
blocking activity seen above plasma concentrations of 800ng/L. The beta
blocking ability of sotalol further prolongs action potentials.
D-sotalol does not have beta blocking activity but also reduces a
patient’s heart rate while standing or exercising. These actions combine
to produce a negative inotropic effect that reduces the strength of
contractility of muscle cells in the heart. Extension of the QT interval
is also adversely associated with the induction of arrhythmia in
patients.
Sotalol powder was first synthesized in 1960 by A. A. Larsen of
Mead-Johnson Pharmaceutical. It was originally recognized for its blood
pressure lowering effects and its ability to reduce the symptoms of
angina. It was made available in the United Kingdom and France in 1974,
Germany in 1975, and Sweden in 1979. It became widely used in the 1980s.
In the 1980s, its antiarrhythmic properties were discovered. The United
States approved the drug in 1992.
06 Sotalol (3930-20-9) Mechanism Of Action
Beta-blocker action
Sotalol non-selectively binds to both β1- and β2-adrenergic receptors preventing activation of the receptors by their stimulatory ligand (catecholamines). Without the binding of this ligand to the receptor, the G-protein complex associated with the receptor cannot activate production of cyclic AMP, which is responsible for turning on calcium inflow channels. A decrease in activation of calcium channels will therefore result in a decrease in intracellular calcium. In heart cells, calcium is important in generating electrical signals for heart muscle contraction, as well as generating force for this contraction. In consideration of these important properties of calcium, two conclusions can Beta-blocker action
Sotalol non-selectively binds to both β1- and β2-adrenergic receptors preventing activation of the receptors by their stimulatory ligand (catecholamines). Without the binding of this ligand to the receptor, the G-protein complex associated with the receptor cannot activate production of cyclic AMP, which is responsible for turning on calcium inflow channels. A decrease in activation of calcium channels will therefore result in a decrease in intracellular calcium. In heart cells, calcium is important in generating electrical signals for heart muscle contraction, as well as generating force for this contraction. In consideration of these important properties of calcium, two conclusions can be drawn. First, with less calcium in the cell, there is a decrease in electrical signals for contraction, thus allowing time for the heart’s natural pacemaker to rectify arrhythmic contractions. Secondly, lower calcium means a decrease in strength and rate of the contractions, which can be helpful in treatment of abnormally fast heart rates.
Type III antiarrhythmic action
Sotalol also acts on potassium channels and causes a delay in relaxation of the ventricles. By blocking these potassium channels, sotalol inhibits efflux of K+ ions, which results in an increase in the time before another electrical signal can be generated in ventricular myocytes. This increase in the period before a new signal for contraction is generated, helps to correct arrhythmias by reducing the potential for premature or abnormal contraction of the ventricles but also prolongs the frequency of ventricular contraction to help treat tachycardia.
Stimulant Drug Albuterol Sulfate Lean Meat Powder Salbutamol Sulfate
Steroids Hormone Albuterol Sulfateis usually given by the inhaled route for direct effect on bronchial smooth muscle. This is usually achieved through a metered dose inhaler (MDI), nebulizer or other proprietary delivery devices (e.g. Rotahaler or Autohaler). In these forms of delivery, the maximal effect of salbutamol can take place within five to 20 minutes of dosing, though some relief is immediately seen. It can also be given intravenously.Used in the treatment of bronchial asthma, asthmatic bronchitis, emphysema, patients bronchospasm.Salbutamol powder
Albuterol is a bronchodilator that relaxes muscles in the airways and increases air flow to the lungs.Albuterol inhalation is used to treat or prevent bronchospasm in people with reversible obstructive airway disease. It is also used to prevent exercise-induced bronchospasm.
Albuterol sulfate is a prescription medication indicated to treat or
prevent airway constriction in people with asthma. This medication is a
bronchodilator, which works by relaxing the bronchial muscles within a
patient’s airways to allow oxygen to reach the lungs. In certain
instances, patients can develop allergic reaction symptoms after taking
albuterol sulfate for the first time. Affected patients require
immediate, emergency medical attention to avoid developing potentially
life-threatening medical complications.
Albuterol Sulfate Usage:
Albuterol is used to treat wheezing and shortness of breath caused by breathing problems such as asthma. It is a quick-relief medication. Albuterol belongs to a class of medicine known as bronchodilators. It works in the airways by opening breathing passages and relaxing muscles. Controlling symptoms of breathing problems can decrease time lost from work or schoo
Steroids Hormone Albuterol Sulfateis usually given by the inhaled route for direct effect on bronchial smooth muscle. This is usually achieved through a metered dose inhaler (MDI), nebulizer or other proprietary delivery devices (e.g. Rotahaler or Autohaler). In these forms of delivery, the maximal effect of salbutamol can take place within five to 20 minutes of dosing, though some relief is immediately seen. It can also be given intravenously.Used in the treatment of bronchial asthma, asthmatic bronchitis, emphysema, patients bronchospasm.Salbutamol powder
Albuterol is a bronchodilator that relaxes muscles in the airways and increases air flow to the lungs.Albuterol inhalation is used to treat or prevent bronchospasm in people with reversible obstructive airway disease. It is also used to prevent exercise-induced bronchospasm.
Albuterol sulfate is a prescription medication indicated to treat or
prevent airway constriction in people with asthma. This medication is a
bronchodilator, which works by relaxing the bronchial muscles within a
patient’s airways to allow oxygen to reach the lungs. In certain
instances, patients can develop allergic reaction symptoms after taking
albuterol sulfate for the first time. Affected patients require
immediate, emergency medical attention to avoid developing potentially
life-threatening medical complications.
Albuterol Sulfate Usage:
Albuterol is used to treat wheezing and shortness of breath caused by breathing problems such as asthma. It is a quic
Treating haemangiomas with propranolol
A haemangioma is a collection of small immature blood vessels. They are sometimes called ‘strawberry marks’ because the surface of some haemangiomas look a bit like a strawberry.Propanolol
Haemangiomas can be superficial or deep in the skin. Some
haemangiomas are a combination of the two, seen as a raised red area on
the surface of the skin, and as a bluish swelling of abnormal blood
vessels deeper in the skin. Very occasionally haemangiomas may occur
internally.
Haemangiomas are not usually obvious at birth but become apparent within
a few days or weeks. They grow rapidly in the first three months,
increasing in size and sometimes in redness.It is unusual for
haemangiomas to grow after six to 10 months of age, when most
haemangiomas tend to have a ‘rest period’ and then begin to shrink.
What is propranolol?
Propranolol is a beta-blocker. Some nerves release a chemical called
noradrenaline when they are stimulated, which in turn stimulates ‘beta
adrenergic receptors’. These can cause a variety of effects. For
instance, if the beta adrenergic receptors in the heart are stimulated,
the heart pumps harder and faster than before, so more blood is pumped
around the body. Betablocker medicines block the beta adrenergic
receptors and stop them being stimulated.
How does propranolol help with haemangiomas?
By blocking the beta adrenergic receptors, propranolol can make blood
vessels narrower, reducing the amount of blood flowing through them.
This is particularly effective in haemangiomas, by reducing the colour
and making them softer. Growth of the haemangioma cells is also limited
by propranolol so that the haemangioma starts to reduce in size. More
research is needed to fully understand how propranolol works. The
beneficial effects are usually seen very quickly.
Are there side effects with propranolol treatment?
Propranolol is associated with the following side effects, which happen
very rarely. However, you should report any of the following to your
doctor as the dose of propranolol may need to be altered or on very rare
occasions, stopped.
Bradycardia (slow heart rate).
Hypotension (low blood pressure).
Bronchspasm (temporary narrowing of the airway, leading to wheezing and coughing).
Peripheral vasoconstriction (reduced blood flow to the extremities, such
as fingers and toes, making them feel cold and turn a blue colour).
Weakness and fatigue, showing as floppiness and disinterest in surroundings.
Sleep disturbance.
Hypoglycaemia (low blood sugar).
Gastrointestinal disturbances such as constipation or diarrhoea.
If you have any concerns about these side effects, please discuss them with your doctor, nurse or pharmacist.
Are any tests needed before starting propranolol treatment?
Occasionally we will suggest some tests to check that your child can
safely take the medicine. These may include blood and urine tests, an
electrocardiogram (ECG) and echocardiogram (echo). If your child has
multiple haemangiomas visible on the skin, we may also carry out an
abdominal ultrasound scan to look for any haemangiomas in the liver.
What happens when my child starts treatment?
Some infants will be monitored for two hours after the first dose. This
monitoring allows the doctors to be absolutely sure your child can
tolerate the prescribed dose. The procedure is occasionally repeated
after one week when the dose is increased, although the dose is normally
increased at home.
Propranolol Hydrochloride is a synthetic beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agent chemically described as 2-Propanol, 1-[(1-methylethyl)amino]-3-(1-naphthalenyloxy)-, hydrochloride,(±)-. Its molecular and structural formula:β-agonist Powder
Propranolol Hydrochloride Oral Solution is available for oral administration containing either 20 mg per 5 mL or 40 mg per 5 mL of propranolol hydrochloride USP. The oral solution contains the following inactive ingredients: citric acid anhydrous, crème de menthe flavor, disodium edetate, methyl paraben, propylene glycol, propylparaben, purified water, saccharin sodium, sorbitol solution and strawberry flavor.
Propranolol is a nonselective beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agent possessing no other autonomic nervous system activity. It specifically competes with beta-adrenergic receptor agonist agents for available receptor sites. When access to beta-receptor sites is blocked by propranolol, the chronotropic, inotropic, and vasodilator responses to beta-adrenergic stimulation are decreased proportionately. At dosages greater than required for beta-blockade, propranolol also exerts a quinidine-like or anesthetic-like membrane action, which affects the cardiac action potential. The significance of the membrane action in the treatment of arrhythmias is uncertain.
Mechanism of Action
The mechanism of the antihypertensive effect of propranolol has not been established. Factors that may contribute to the antihypertensive action include: (1) decreased cardiac output, (2) inhibition of renin release by the kidneys, and (3) diminution of tonic sympathetic nerve outflow from vasomotor centers in the brain. Although total peripheral resistance may increase initially, it readjusts to or below the pretreatment level with chronic use of propranolol. Effects of propranolol on plasma volume appear to be minor and somewhat variable.
In angina pectoris, propranolol generally reduces the oxygen requirement of the heart at any given level of effort by blocking the catecholamine-induced increases in the heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and the velocity and extent of myocardial contraction. Propranolol may increase oxygen requirements by increasing left ventricular fiber length, end diastolic pressure, and systolic ejection period. The net physiologic effect of beta-adrenergic blockade is usually advantageous and is manifested during exercise by delayed onset of pain and increased work capacity.
Propranolol exerts its antiarrhythmic effects in concentrations associated with beta-adrenergic blockade, and this appears to be its principal antiarrhythmic mechanism of action. In dosages greater than required for beta-blockade, propranolol also exerts a quinidine-like or anesthetic-like membrane action, which affects the cardiac action potential. The significance of the membrane action in the treatment of arrhythmias is uncertain.
The mechanism of the antimigraine effect of propranolol has not been established. Beta-adrenergic receptors have been demonstrated in the pial vessels of the brain.
The specific mechanism of propranolol’s antitremor effects has not
been established, but beta-2 (noncardiac) receptors may be involved. A
central effect is also possible. Clinical studies have demonstrated that
propranolol is of benefit in exaggerated physiological and essential
(familial) tremor
Propranolol is highly lipophilic and almost completely absorbed after
oral administration. However, it undergoes high first-pass metabolism by
the liver and on average, only about 25% of propranolol reaches the
systemic circulation. Peak plasma concentrations occur about 1 to 4
hours after an oral dose.
Administration of protein-rich foods increase the bioavailability of propranolol by about 50% with no change in time to peak concentration, plasma binding, half-life, or the amount of unchanged drug in the urine.
Distribution
Approximately 90% of circulating propranolol is bound to plasma proteins (albumin and alpha1 acid glycoprotein). The binding is enantiomer-selective. The S(-)-enantiomer is preferentially bound to alpha1 glycoprotein and the R(+)- enantiomer preferentially bound to albumin. The volume of distribution of propranolol is approximately 4 liters/kg.
Factory Supply Pharmaceutical Raw Material High Quality Indapamide 99%
1. Indapamide is a thiazide-like diuretic drug marketed by Servier, generally used in the treatment of hypertension, as well as decompensated heart failure. Combination preparations with perindopril (an ACE inhibitor antihypertensive) are also available.Indapamide powder
2. White needle crystal or crystalline powder, odorless, tasteless. It is almost insoluble in water or dilute hydrochloric acid, while it can be dissolved in ethanol or ethyl acetate, and it is soluble in acetone, acetic acid, slightly soluble in chloroform or ether.
3. Indapamide is currently the most popular non-prescription diuretic
antihypertensive drug with good efficacy, stable blood pressure, fewer
side effects, etc.
1. Indapamide have diuretic and calcium antagonist dual effect by
inhibiting the proximal end of the distal convoluted tubule Na+
reabsorption, resulting in diuresis, while by blocking Ca2+ influx
especially a higher selectivity for vascular smooth muscle to dilate the
small blood vessels of the outer periphery, resulting in
antihypertensive effect. But the effect to vascular smooth muscle is
stronger than the diuretic effect.
2. It can lower blood pressure with lower dose compared to diuretic effect. Higher dose will display diuretic effect. But there is no disadvantage compared to thiazide diuretics, that it does not cause orthostatic hypotension, flushing and reflex tachycardia, nor blood lipids, glucose metabolism and renal function.
Indapamide Application
1. This medication is used to tr
White needle crystal or crystalline powder, odorless and tasteless. Almost insoluble in water or dilute hydrochloric acid, soluble in ethanol or ethyl acetate, soluble in acetone, acetic acid, slightly soluble in chloroform or ether.β-agonist Powder
Indapamide is an over-the-counter diuretic antihypertensive drug commonly used in China, which has the advantages of good efficacy, stable antihypertensive and less side effects.
Indapamide has dual effects of diuresis and calcium antagonism. By inhibiting Na+ reabsorption at the proximal end of the distal convoluted tubule, it can produce diuretic effect and block Ca2+ internal flow. It is highly selective to vascular smooth muscle, so as to dilate peripheral small blood vessels and generate antihypertensive effect. But the effect on vascular smooth muscle stronger diuretic effect, below the diuretic doses can step-down, higher doses showed diuretic effect, but no thiazide diuretic shortcomings, namely not cause orthostatic hypotension, flush and reflective tachycardia, on blood picture, metabolism of blood fat, sugar and renal function also had no obvious effect, therapeutic doses of heart rate, cardiac output, no significant changes in electrocardiogram (ecg) were on the central nervous system and plant nerve has no obvious effect. The antihypertensive effect was produced by oral administration for 2 ~ 3h and maintained for 24h. The diuretic effect appeared for 3h and reached the maximum effect for 4 ~ 6h. Different from other diuretics, this product has high lipid solubility. After oral absorption, the plasma concentration of liver and kidney is the highest, while the concentration of heart, lung, muscle and fat is lower. This product is mainly excreted from the kidney by metabolites and 5% prototype. Indapamide is suitable for mild and moderate primary hypertension, can also be used for congestive heart failure caused by water sodium retention, with renal failure are also applicable to the patients with high blood pressure, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, use antihypertensive effect is remarkable, and beta blockers used curative effect is better, because this drug has diuretic effect, can cause hypokalemia, can complement potassium at the same time.