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Antioxidant Ability and Stability Studies of 3-O-Ethyl Ascorbic Acid
3-O-Ethyl-L-Ascorbic Acid, or Ethyl Ascorbic Acid is a molecule produced by modifying Ascorbic Acid, commonly known as Vitamin C. This modification is done to increase the molecule’s stability and enhance its transport through skin, as pure Vitamin C is easily degraded. In the body, the modifying group is removed and Vitamin C is restored in its natural form. Thus, Ethyl Ascorbic Acid retains the benefits of Vitamin C, such as antioxidant activity. Furthermore, it is even more potent in reducing skin darkening after UV exposure. It even has some additional effects, not observed in pure Ascorbic Acid, such as promoting nerve cell growth or reducing chemotherapy damage. Finally, the slower release also ensures that no toxic effects are observed when using this Vitamin C derivative.3-O-Ethyl-L-Ascorbic Acid
3- O -ethyl ascorbic acid may be a good whitening ingredient in cosmetics. However, before it can be successfully used in cosmetics, its biofunctionality and stability need to be comprehensively investigated. The reduction and 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging ability of this compound were analyzed to assess its antioxidant potential. In addition, the tyrosinase inhibitory ability was analyzed to show the whitening capacity of 3- O -ethyl ascorbic acid. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to determine the optimal conditions for the ascorbic acid derivative in cosmetics. Based on the DPPH radical scavenging ability results, the half-inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) value of 3- O -ethyl ascorbic acid was 0.032 g/L. It also showed a good reducing ability at 1.5 g/L concentration. Based on the tyrosinase inhibition analysis, the IC 50 value was 7.5 g/L. The opti
3-O-Ethyl-L-Ascorbic Acid, or Ethyl Ascorbic Acid is a molecule produced by modifying Ascorbic Acid, commonly known as Vitamin C. This modification is done to increase the molecule’s stability and enhance its transport through skin, as pure Vitamin C is easily degraded. In the body, the modifying group is removed and Vitamin C is restored in its natural form. Thus, Ethyl Ascorbic Acid retains the benefits of Vitamin C, such as antioxidant activity. Furthermore, it is even more potent in reducing skin darkening after UV exposure. It even has some additional effects, not observed in pure Ascorbic Acid, such as promoting nerve cell growth or reducing chemotherapy damage. Finally, the slower release also ensures that no toxic effects are observed when using this Vitamin C derivative.3-O-Ethyl-L-Ascorbic Acid
3- O -ethyl ascorbic acid may be a good whitening ingredient in cosmetics. However, before it can be successfully used in cosmetics, its biofunctionality and stability need to be comprehensively investigated. The reduction and 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging ability of this compound were analyzed to assess its antioxidant potential. In addition, the tyrosinase inhibitory ability was analyzed to show the whitening capacity of 3- O -ethyl ascorbic acid. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to determine the optimal conditions for the ascorbic acid derivative in cosmetics. Based on the DPPH radical scavenging ability results, the half-inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) value of 3- O -ethyl ascorbic acid was 0.032 g/L. It also showed a good reducing ability at 1.5 g/L concentration. Based on the tyrosinase inhibition analysis, the IC 50 value was 7.5 g/L. The opti
Beneficial effects of chrysin on the reproductive system of adult male rats
Chrysin treated male albino rats had significantly higher sperm count, fertility rate and litter size when they were permitted to mate with proven proestrous female rats[26]. These promoting effects of Chrysin was confirmed by Ciftci et al.[27]report in which testis antioxidant enzyme levels such as SOD, CAT and GSH-Px along with GSH were significantly improved following Chrysin administration. Higher sperm count and motility along with lower abnormality percentage were also recorded in their study. ...
... Higher sperm count and motility along with lower abnormality percentage were also recorded in their study. Beside antioxidant effect, both in vivo and in vitro studies have confirmed Chrysin potential for enhancing testosterone level and subsequently male sex drive[23,27]. According to the broad range of pharmacological activities of Chrysin and considering the fact that information on feeding this flavonoid to birds is lacking in literature. ...
... In the light of obtained results, Chrysin successfully improved total and forward motility, plasma membrane functionality and integrity, semen concentration and MDA level, sperm fatty acid composition, blood testosterone as well as fertility and hatchability rates. These results were in concert with previous studies in which oral administration of Chrysin to male rats significantly enhanced sperm total motility and count, blood testosterone level[27]as well as fertility and litter size in their partners. An appropriate level of dietary n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratio along with reduced MDA level (by feeding an antioxidant) resulted in increase of sperm forward motility in boar.
Chrysin treated male albino rats had significantly higher sperm count, fertility rate and litter size when they were permitted to mate with proven proestrous female rats[26]. These promoting effects of Chrysin was confirmed by Ciftci et al.[27]report in which testis antioxidant enzyme levels such as SOD, CAT and GSH-Px along with GSH were significantly improved following Chrysin administration. Higher sperm count and motility along with lower abnormality percentage were also recorded in their study. ...
... Higher sperm count and motility along with lower abnormality percentage were also recorded in their study. Beside antioxidant effect, both in vivo and in vitro studies have confirmed Chrysin potential for enhancing testosterone level and subsequently male sex drive[23,27]. According to the broad range of pharmacological activities of Chrysin and considering the fact that information on feeding this flavonoid to birds is lacking in literature. ...
... In the light of obtained results, Chrysin successfully improved total and forward motility, plasma membrane functionality and integrity, semen concentration and MDA level, sperm fatty acid composition, blood testosterone as well as fertility and hatchability rates. These results were in concert with previous studies in which oral administration of Chrysin to male rats significantly enhanced sperm total motility and count, blood testosterone level[27]as well as fertility and litter size in their partners. An appropriate level of dietary n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratio along with reduced MDA level (by feeding an antioxidant) resulted in increase of sperm forward motility in boar.
Chrysin (on the left) and harman (right) are organic compounds
Chrysin (on the left) and harman (right) are organic compounds with distinctly different structures, but both are found in the passionflower species Passiflora caerulea and P. incarnata.Sesamol powder
Chrysin, also called 5,7-dihydroxyflavone, was first isolated from the wood of pine trees (Pinus spp.) in 1949 by Gösta Linstedt at the KTH Royal Institute of Technology (Stockholm). Harman (or harmane), a pyridoindole derivative, was discovered much earlier (1861) in the bark of P. incarnata and other trees by German researcher R. Rieth.
What do chrysin and harman have in common besides occurrence in trees, specifically P. incarnata? More than 500 passionflower species have been used as traditional folk remedies for anxiety and other medical conditions almost everywhere that they grow on Earth. For at least 20 years, drug researchers have sought to elucidate mechanisms by which passionflower biochemicals provide relief.
In a key 2001 study, P. incarnata extract was compared with oxazepam, an early benzodiazepine anxiolytic drug, for efficacy against generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Shaheen Akhondzadeh and colleagues at the Tehran University of Medical Sciences and the Institute of Medicinal Plants (both in Tehran, Iran) treated 36 patients diagnosed with GAD with P. incarnata extract, oxazepam, or placebo in a 4-week trial.
The extract and the drug gave equally positive results. Oxazepam acted more rapidly, but it also impaired the subjects’ job performance whereas the extract did not. In the time since this report was issued, however, there is no record of US Food and Drug Administration filings for chrysin, harman, or passionflower extracts.
This discussion of anxiety remedies reminds us that today is the beginning of Mental Health Awareness Week.
N-(1-Phenylpyrazol-3-yl)-N-[1-(2-phenylethyl)-4-piperidyl]propanamide
The oxalate salts and free bases of fentanyl and N-[1-(2-phenylethyl)-4-piperidyl]-N-(1-phenyl-4-pyrazolyl)propanamide, a new lead compound for long-acting analgesia, have been characterized by (1)H- and (13)C-NMR spectroscopy. The crystal structure of the hydrochloride of N-[1-(2-phenylethyl)-4-piperidyl]-N-(1-phenyl-4-pyrazolyl)propanamide monohydrate has been determined. N-Phenyl-N-(4-piperidinyl)propanamide HCL
Two centrosymmetrically related cations, joined through C(phenyl)-H em leader pi contacts, encapsulate a large void that contains pairs of anions and bridged water molecules into a zero-dimensional (0D) supramolecular motif. The cations are linked to this framework via N(+)H em leader Cl(-) contacts. GIAO/B3LYP calculations have been carried out to compare the experimental (13)C chemical shifts with the absolute shieldings thus calculated. The protonation of both molecules takes place on the piperidine ring (axial protonation), as has been verified both in the solid state (X-ray) and in solution (NMR).
The oxalate salts and free bases of fentanyl and N-[1-(2-phenylethyl)-4-piperidyl]-N-(1-phenyl-4-pyrazolyl)propanamide, a new lead compound for long-acting analgesia, have been characterized by (1)H- and (13)C-NMR spectroscopy. The crystal structure of the hydrochloride of N-[1-(2-phenylethyl)-4-piperidyl]-N-(1-phenyl-4-pyrazolyl)propanamide monohydrate has been determined. N-Phenyl-N-(4-piperidinyl)propanamide HCL
Two centrosymmetrically related cations, joined through C(phenyl)-H em leader pi contacts, encapsulate a large void that contains pairs of anions and bridged water molecules into a zero-dimensional (0D) supramolecular motif. The cations are linked to this framework via N(+)H em leader Cl(-) contacts. GIAO/B3LYP calculations have been carried out to compare the experimental (13)C chemical shifts with the absolute shieldings thus calculated. The protonation of both molecules takes place on the piperidine ring (axial protonation), as has been verified both in the solid state (X-ray) and in solution (NMR).
372,000 children in China are now enrolled in an international style of
education and 66% of these children are Chinese nationals attending
international Chinese-owned private schools in the country.Educational Leadership training china
Latest market trends from ISC Research on international education in China include data from this school year (2018-2019). They show that the international private schools market in China has grown substantially due to an increasing demand from Chinese parents for an international, bilingual approach to learning for their children.
Five years ago, there were 629 international schools in China, many of which were schools for the children of foreign nationals that had very limited access to Chinese children. Today, there are 857 international schools in China and 563 of them are international Chinese-owned private schools. Over that same period, there has been a 63.6% increase in student enrolment, with 245,500 students now enrolled in the international Chinese private schools.
These schools are particularly successful because, during the compulsory years of education, the Chinese curriculum can be integrated with elements of international teaching and learning, including some learning in the language of English. Such a bicultural educational approach is what a growing number of Chinese families want; one that retains local culture and history, while introducing international elements that provide the skills necessary to prepare children for global higher education and careers.
There are several factors that have prompted this market change including an increase in education expenditure by more families as a result of a growth in prosperity in the country; the impact of China's two-child policy which is now seeing an effect within Early Years education; amendments that have been made to education regulations in recent years which now provide clearer guidelines and more opportunities for foreign schools to engage with the private education sector; and an increasing awareness by Chinese parents of locally accessible private international education opportunities.
Foreign education brands are driving the success of many of the international Chinese private schools. During the past five years, 31 independent school brands, mostly from the UK, but also from the US, have established agreements with Chinese schools and investors in order to deliver teaching expertise and an international style of education. Such partnerships are appealing to wealthier Chinese families who value the educational heritage, reputation, brand prestige, and opportunities that the UK and US schools are bringing to China.
International schooling options accessible to local families are available in many of China's Tier 1 cities. Although Shanghai and Beijing dominate, there are now 55 international schools in Shenzhen, 47 in Guangzhou, 25 in Chengdu, and several in a growing number of cities throughout China.
ISC Research is aware of at least 48 new international schools due to open in China in the next few years, many of which will be the international Chinese private schools partnering with foreign independent school brands.
ISC Research supplies primary-source intelligence and data - much of it collected by its own field-based researchers - on the English-medium K-12 international schools market in key countries most appropriate for international school development, including China. The ISC China Market Intelligence Report supports schools, investors and developers with detailed data and market intelligence to support due diligence and strategic planning for new school developments and agreements. The data and intelligence in this report is gathered directly from schools, government bodies and reputable associations in China to produce detailed demand analysis of this developing market.
Latest market trends from ISC Research on international education in China include data from this school year (2018-2019). They show that the international private schools market in China has grown substantially due to an increasing demand from Chinese parents for an international, bilingual approach to learning for their children.
Five years ago, there were 629 international schools in China, many of which were schools for the children of foreign nationals that had very limited access to Chinese children. Today, there are 857 international schools in China and 563 of them are international Chinese-owned private schools. Over that same period, there has been a 63.6% increase in student enrolment, with 245,500 students now enrolled in the international Chinese private schools.
These schools are particularly successful because, during the compulsory years of education, the Chinese curriculum can be integrated with elements of international teaching and learning, including some learning in the language of English. Such a bicultural educational approach is what a growing number of Chinese families want; one that retains local culture and history, while introducing international elements that provide the skills necessary to prepare children for global higher education and careers.
There are several factors that have prompted this market change including an increase in education expenditure by more families as a result of a growth in prosperity in the country; the impact of China's two-child policy which is now seeing an effect within Early Years education; amendments that have been made to education regulations in recent years which now provide clearer guidelines and more opportunities for foreign schools to engage with the private education sector; and an increasing awareness by Chinese parents of locally accessible private international education opportunities.
Foreign education brands are driving the success of many of the international Chinese private schools. During the past five years, 31 independent school brands, mostly from the UK, but also from the US, have established agreements with Chinese schools and investors in order to deliver teaching expertise and an international style of education. Such partnerships are appealing to wealthier Chinese families who value the educational heritage, reputation, brand prestige, and opportunities that the UK and US schools are bringing to China.
International schooling options accessible to local families are available in many of China's Tier 1 cities. Although Shanghai and Beijing dominate, there are now 55 international schools in Shenzhen, 47 in Guangzhou, 25 in Chengdu, and several in a growing number of cities throughout China.
ISC Research is aware of at least 48 new international schools due to open in China in the next few years, many of which will be the international Chinese private schools partnering with foreign independent school brands.
ISC Research supplies primary-source intelligence and data - much of it collected by its own field-based researchers - on the English-medium K-12 international schools market in key countries most appropriate for international school development, including China. The ISC China Market Intelligence Report supports schools, investors and developers with detailed data and market intelligence to support due diligence and strategic planning for new school developments and agreements. The data and intelligence in this report is gathered directly from schools, government bodies and reputable associations in China to produce detailed demand analysis of this developing market.
Off the court, the sixth-grader from Wuxi, in eastern China’s Jiangsu
province, speaks quietly and gently. But when it’s game time, she’s
laser-focused as she chases the ball, moving energetically across the
court.Children tennis in Shanghai
Despite an overall trend of declining health and athleticism among Chinese children, a growing number of young people are taking up tennis — a sport invented in the U.K. in 1873 that barely existed in China less than two decades ago.
Like many others, Ni began playing tennis in 2011, when China’s former world No. 2 women’s tennis player Li Na became the first from Asia to win the Grand Slam championship title at the French Open. Li’s success led to a domestic tennis fever, and that same year, Ni’s father and coach, Xi Zhiye, began training his then-5-year-old daughter.“There was a surge in the number of Chinese teenagers starting to learn tennis that year — some of the parents thought the sport could be a possible future for their children,” said Xi, who quit his job in securities trading two years ago to focus on his daughter’s tennis training.
In her age group, Ni is a top player: Last year, she won third place in the national Zheng Jie Cup teen tennis tournament. The 11-year-old is a short-distance runner and a soccer player on the school teams, but it’s her tennis ability cultivated over six years of intensive training that has won her the most medals.
“I like playing tennis. It helps me relax after school,” Ni told Sixth Tone. “I’m the only one at my school who plays tennis, but I don’t feel lonely — I make friends at different tournaments, and they’re all excellent tennis players.”
The number of tennis players registered at Shanghai’s 16 government-run children’s sports clubs has increased tenfold since 2007, from 100 to 1,075 today, according to the city’s tennis association. A decade ago, only five of the 16 district clubs offered tennis, but now each has a team, said Xue Lei, vice secretary-general of the association. Tennis is also being offered at schools alongside other sports as part of a wider push by the Chinese government to encourage children to stay active.
Xue attributes the increased interest in youth tennis to the sport’s growing profile in China. In 1998, the international tennis tournament Heineken Open came to Shanghai, making it the first world-class tennis competition in the country. The Tennis Masters Cup and ATP World Tour Masters 1000 tournaments followed a few years later. Earlier this month, the Shanghai Masters entered its ninth year, drawing top international players like men’s singles champion Roger Federer.
“Many young parents today grew up watching these tennis games or following a certain star tennis player,” said Xue. “Motivated by their own interest in the sport, they started bringing their children to the court.”
This is certainly true for Ni, whose father began playing tennis as a hobby in the late 1990s and remains a loyal fan of Federer. Xi couldn’t wait to start teaching his daughter the sport when she turned 5 — considered the minimum age for children to start tennis training.school’s permission — and takes her to the court for her two-hour tennis practice. After dinner, she spends an hour on homework and goes to bed by 9:30 p.m.
Height is one barrier to playing tennis professionally. Top female tennis players must be relatively tall to reach the ball, but not so tall that their height slows them down. Ni undergoes bone age assessments every year to track her skeletal development, and current estimates suggest the 155-centimeter-tall girl could grow to between 172 centimeters and 175 centimeters — tall enough to pursue a professional tennis career. (By comparison, China’s top female tennis player, Li, is 172 centimeters tall.)
Ni’s father believes the real challenges lie ahead, when his daughter may be forced to choose between athletics and academics. While Xi believes university studies are a must, he doesn’t want her tennis training to go to waste. “In the U.S., there’s no contradiction between sports and academic studies, but in China, it’s the reality,” he explained. “Without appropriate academic learning, I’m afraid Ni would fall behind in terms of general knowledge and communication skills.”
Despite an overall trend of declining health and athleticism among Chinese children, a growing number of young people are taking up tennis — a sport invented in the U.K. in 1873 that barely existed in China less than two decades ago.
Like many others, Ni began playing tennis in 2011, when China’s former world No. 2 women’s tennis player Li Na became the first from Asia to win the Grand Slam championship title at the French Open. Li’s success led to a domestic tennis fever, and that same year, Ni’s father and coach, Xi Zhiye, began training his then-5-year-old daughter.“There was a surge in the number of Chinese teenagers starting to learn tennis that year — some of the parents thought the sport could be a possible future for their children,” said Xi, who quit his job in securities trading two years ago to focus on his daughter’s tennis training.
In her age group, Ni is a top player: Last year, she won third place in the national Zheng Jie Cup teen tennis tournament. The 11-year-old is a short-distance runner and a soccer player on the school teams, but it’s her tennis ability cultivated over six years of intensive training that has won her the most medals.
“I like playing tennis. It helps me relax after school,” Ni told Sixth Tone. “I’m the only one at my school who plays tennis, but I don’t feel lonely — I make friends at different tournaments, and they’re all excellent tennis players.”
The number of tennis players registered at Shanghai’s 16 government-run children’s sports clubs has increased tenfold since 2007, from 100 to 1,075 today, according to the city’s tennis association. A decade ago, only five of the 16 district clubs offered tennis, but now each has a team, said Xue Lei, vice secretary-general of the association. Tennis is also being offered at schools alongside other sports as part of a wider push by the Chinese government to encourage children to stay active.
Xue attributes the increased interest in youth tennis to the sport’s growing profile in China. In 1998, the international tennis tournament Heineken Open came to Shanghai, making it the first world-class tennis competition in the country. The Tennis Masters Cup and ATP World Tour Masters 1000 tournaments followed a few years later. Earlier this month, the Shanghai Masters entered its ninth year, drawing top international players like men’s singles champion Roger Federer.
“Many young parents today grew up watching these tennis games or following a certain star tennis player,” said Xue. “Motivated by their own interest in the sport, they started bringing their children to the court.”
This is certainly true for Ni, whose father began playing tennis as a hobby in the late 1990s and remains a loyal fan of Federer. Xi couldn’t wait to start teaching his daughter the sport when she turned 5 — considered the minimum age for children to start tennis training.school’s permission — and takes her to the court for her two-hour tennis practice. After dinner, she spends an hour on homework and goes to bed by 9:30 p.m.
Height is one barrier to playing tennis professionally. Top female tennis players must be relatively tall to reach the ball, but not so tall that their height slows them down. Ni undergoes bone age assessments every year to track her skeletal development, and current estimates suggest the 155-centimeter-tall girl could grow to between 172 centimeters and 175 centimeters — tall enough to pursue a professional tennis career. (By comparison, China’s top female tennis player, Li, is 172 centimeters tall.)
Ni’s father believes the real challenges lie ahead, when his daughter may be forced to choose between athletics and academics. While Xi believes university studies are a must, he doesn’t want her tennis training to go to waste. “In the U.S., there’s no contradiction between sports and academic studies, but in China, it’s the reality,” he explained. “Without appropriate academic learning, I’m afraid Ni would fall behind in terms of general knowledge and communication skills.”
Concordia’s Middle School works in partnership with parents to create a
school community that is supportive and responsive to student needs.
Children between the ages of 10 and 14 are unique in intellectual,
social, emotional, and physical growth. Recognizing that these children
are also strikingly different from each other, the middle school is
designed to meet the needs of a child as well as an adolescent during
the transition from the elementary to high school. Through a caring and
secure environment, the middle school program ensures that all students
experience challenge and success.International middle school
At Concordia our Middle School program is based upon the developmental needs of the young adolescent with the following goals:
Mastering basic skills within an interdisciplinary context.
Acquiring a fundamental body or knowledge and the critical thinking skills necessary for its interpretation and application.
Developing and maintaining a positive self-image.
Accepting increased social, personal and academic responsibilities.
Exploring a diversity of curricular and extracurricular activities.
Developing an increased awareness of individual differences and respect for others.
Participating responsibly in the school community.
At Concordia our Middle School program is based upon the developmental needs of the young adolescent with the following goals:
Mastering basic skills within an interdisciplinary context.
Acquiring a fundamental body or knowledge and the critical thinking skills necessary for its interpretation and application.
Developing and maintaining a positive self-image.
Accepting increased social, personal and academic responsibilities.
Exploring a diversity of curricular and extracurricular activities.
Developing an increased awareness of individual differences and respect for others.
Participating responsibly in the school community.
On Sunday, tens of thousands of professional and amateur runners will
hit the streets of Britain's capital for the London Marathon, one of the
world’s most prestigious long-distance running races.But while any
doctor can tell us the benefits of exercise, there are some experts who
believe that marathon-length runs - just over 26 miles - are too extreme
for the average runner, and can be dangerous.To get more marathon length, you can visit shine news official website.
Virgin, which sponsors the London Marathon, says that “running is good for the heart” and stresses that more than one million people have safely completed the marathon in its 38-year history, but acknowledges that there have still been “several fatalities from serious heart disease in runners apparently unaware that they had a problem”.
Since the first event in 1981, a total of 12 participants have died, the most recent of whom was former Masterchef semi-finalist Matt Campbell.Campbell collapsed and died during last year’s marathon, when temperatures hit an all-time high for the event.This news was followed just a few months later by reports that two men had died after collapsing at the finish line of the Cardiff Half Marathon in October 2018.
The competitors, aged 25 and 32, “went into cardiac arrest after crossing the finishing line within three minutes of each other, at about 12.25pm”, reports the BBC.Given the number of people who take part in such races each year, just how dangerous is long-distance running?
How safe are marathons?
The BBC reports that most of the casualties that occur during a race concern minor injuries, like pulled muscles, sprains and strains. These tend to heal quickly and on their own.
The broadcaster adds that dehydration is the biggest problem that marathon runners have to overcome. “In a hard race on a hot and humid day, up to four litres of fluid can be lost through sweating and exhalation,” it says. “It is important for runners to keep well hydrated.”
But an increasing number of studies are now linking long-distance running with sudden heart conditions and issues that were undetected previously, even if there is no family history of similar health issues.
In a study published in December in the journal Circulation, researchers in Spain revealed that full marathons may put significant strain on the heart. In order to do this, the team measured substances that can signal stress and found higher levels in runners who covered the classic 26.2 mile (42.2 kilometres) marathon distance compared with those who raced shorter distances such as a half-marathon or 10K, Health24 reports.
A study presented to the American College of Cardiology in 2009 found that the risk of sudden death during a marathon is 0.8 per 100,000 people. By comparison, the report found that triathlons – which ask users to complete three sequential endurance races in swimming, running and cycling – have a significantly higher risk of sudden death at 1.5 in 100,000. To put this into perspective, the risk of dying in childbirth in the UK in 2012 was 8.6 in 100,000 births, according to The Daily Telegraph.
How does it affect the heart?
A number of independent studies have found that marathons appear to cause damage to the heart in the short term, but researchers are unsure whether the effects are lasting. Some note that there are cardiovascular advantages to regular running. “Being fit is protective,” Dr James Freeman, a fellow in cardiovascular medicine at Stanford University School of Medicine told The New York Times. Professor Sanjay Sharma, medical director for the London Marathon, told the BBC that most people who have died during the London marathon have had previous heart conditions or heart disease.
Virgin, which sponsors the London Marathon, says that “running is good for the heart” and stresses that more than one million people have safely completed the marathon in its 38-year history, but acknowledges that there have still been “several fatalities from serious heart disease in runners apparently unaware that they had a problem”.
Since the first event in 1981, a total of 12 participants have died, the most recent of whom was former Masterchef semi-finalist Matt Campbell.Campbell collapsed and died during last year’s marathon, when temperatures hit an all-time high for the event.This news was followed just a few months later by reports that two men had died after collapsing at the finish line of the Cardiff Half Marathon in October 2018.
The competitors, aged 25 and 32, “went into cardiac arrest after crossing the finishing line within three minutes of each other, at about 12.25pm”, reports the BBC.Given the number of people who take part in such races each year, just how dangerous is long-distance running?
How safe are marathons?
The BBC reports that most of the casualties that occur during a race concern minor injuries, like pulled muscles, sprains and strains. These tend to heal quickly and on their own.
The broadcaster adds that dehydration is the biggest problem that marathon runners have to overcome. “In a hard race on a hot and humid day, up to four litres of fluid can be lost through sweating and exhalation,” it says. “It is important for runners to keep well hydrated.”
But an increasing number of studies are now linking long-distance running with sudden heart conditions and issues that were undetected previously, even if there is no family history of similar health issues.
In a study published in December in the journal Circulation, researchers in Spain revealed that full marathons may put significant strain on the heart. In order to do this, the team measured substances that can signal stress and found higher levels in runners who covered the classic 26.2 mile (42.2 kilometres) marathon distance compared with those who raced shorter distances such as a half-marathon or 10K, Health24 reports.
A study presented to the American College of Cardiology in 2009 found that the risk of sudden death during a marathon is 0.8 per 100,000 people. By comparison, the report found that triathlons – which ask users to complete three sequential endurance races in swimming, running and cycling – have a significantly higher risk of sudden death at 1.5 in 100,000. To put this into perspective, the risk of dying in childbirth in the UK in 2012 was 8.6 in 100,000 births, according to The Daily Telegraph.
How does it affect the heart?
A number of independent studies have found that marathons appear to cause damage to the heart in the short term, but researchers are unsure whether the effects are lasting. Some note that there are cardiovascular advantages to regular running. “Being fit is protective,” Dr James Freeman, a fellow in cardiovascular medicine at Stanford University School of Medicine told The New York Times. Professor Sanjay Sharma, medical director for the London Marathon, told the BBC that most people who have died during the London marathon have had previous heart conditions or heart disease.
In 2013, President Xi Jinping proposed that China would create a “Silk
Road Economic Belt” across Central Asia and Europe and a “21st Century
Maritime Silk Road” running through the South China Sea and the Indian
Ocean, on to the Middle East and Europe — programs meant to revive
ancient trade routes and reinforce existing ones. Beijing quickly wove
these two visions together and dubbed them the Belt and Road Initiative
(BRI).To get more belt and road, you can visit shine news official website.
While seemingly aimed at regional economic corridors, the BRI is in fact global and motivated by economic and strategic interests. A successful BRI would allow China to more efficiently utilize excess savings and construction capacity, expand trade, consolidate economic and diplomatic relations with participating countries, and diversify China’s import of energy and other resources through economic corridors that circumvent routes that are controlled by the U.S. and its allies.
The initiative is generally popular in the developing world, where almost all countries face infrastructure deficiencies and a shortage of resources to overcome them. Through large amounts of loans to participating countries to construct infrastructure in various sectors, the BRI can potentially bring significant benefits to these countries by filling their infrastructure gaps and boosting economic growth.
While popular with developing countries, the initiative has received various criticisms from advanced industrial economies: that the program lacks transparency and serves to facilitate China’s export of its authoritarian model; that the commercial loan terms are bringing on a new round of debt crises in the developing world; and that the projects have inadequate environmental and social safeguards.
This paper examines the implementation of BRI infrastructure projects in Africa in light of available information and concludes that African experiences with the BRI are quite heterogeneous. Some of the major borrowers have debt sustainability problems, while others have integrated the loans from China into sound overall macroeconomic programs. Some of the major borrowers are authoritarian countries with poor records of human rights, but other major participants are among the more democratic countries of Africa. It is hard to make simple generalizations about BRI in Africa. For this reason, it would be wise for Western countries to tone down their rhetoric on BRI, as many of the projects will probably work out well. It would help if Western countries provided more support to the International Monetary Fund to help countries manage their borrowing and to the World Bank to provide more infrastructure financing that increased options for the developing countries of Africa.
While seemingly aimed at regional economic corridors, the BRI is in fact global and motivated by economic and strategic interests. A successful BRI would allow China to more efficiently utilize excess savings and construction capacity, expand trade, consolidate economic and diplomatic relations with participating countries, and diversify China’s import of energy and other resources through economic corridors that circumvent routes that are controlled by the U.S. and its allies.
The initiative is generally popular in the developing world, where almost all countries face infrastructure deficiencies and a shortage of resources to overcome them. Through large amounts of loans to participating countries to construct infrastructure in various sectors, the BRI can potentially bring significant benefits to these countries by filling their infrastructure gaps and boosting economic growth.
While popular with developing countries, the initiative has received various criticisms from advanced industrial economies: that the program lacks transparency and serves to facilitate China’s export of its authoritarian model; that the commercial loan terms are bringing on a new round of debt crises in the developing world; and that the projects have inadequate environmental and social safeguards.
This paper examines the implementation of BRI infrastructure projects in Africa in light of available information and concludes that African experiences with the BRI are quite heterogeneous. Some of the major borrowers have debt sustainability problems, while others have integrated the loans from China into sound overall macroeconomic programs. Some of the major borrowers are authoritarian countries with poor records of human rights, but other major participants are among the more democratic countries of Africa. It is hard to make simple generalizations about BRI in Africa. For this reason, it would be wise for Western countries to tone down their rhetoric on BRI, as many of the projects will probably work out well. It would help if Western countries provided more support to the International Monetary Fund to help countries manage their borrowing and to the World Bank to provide more infrastructure financing that increased options for the developing countries of Africa.
Raloxifene HCL is an oral selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM)
that has estrogenic actions on bone and anti-estrogenic actions on the
uterus and breast. Raloxifene HCL is used in the prevention of
osteoporosis in postmenopausal women.Raloxifene powder
Fuction of Raloxifene HCL
Raloxifene HCL is used to prevent and treat osteoporosis (condition in which the bones become thin and weak and break easily) in women who have undergone menopause (change of life; end of menstrual periods).
Raloxifene HCL is also used to decrease the risk of developing invasive breast cancer (breast cancer that has spread outside of the milk ducts or lobules into the surrounding breast tissue) in women who are at high risk of developing this type of cancer or who have osteoporosis.
Raloxifene HCL cannot be used to treat invasive breast cancer or to prevent invasive breast cancer from coming back in women who have already had the condition.
Raloxifene HCL also cannot be used to decrease the risk of developing non-invasive breast cancer. Raloxifene HCL is in a class of medications called selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs). Raloxifene HCL prevents and treats osteoporosis by mimicking the effects of estrogen (a female hormone produced by the body) to increase the density (thickness) of bone.
Raloxifene HCL decreases the risk of developing invasive breast cancer by blocking the effects of estrogen on breast tissue.
Raloxifene HCL may stop the development of tumors that need estrogen to grow.
Application of Raloxifene HCL
Raloxifene Hydrochloride is an active pharmaceutical ingredient used to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women and to reduce the risk of invasive breast cancer in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis and in postmenopausal women at high risk for invasive breast cancer.
Fuction of Raloxifene HCL
Raloxifene HCL is used to prevent and treat osteoporosis (condition in which the bones become thin and weak and break easily) in women who have undergone menopause (change of life; end of menstrual periods).
Raloxifene HCL is also used to decrease the risk of developing invasive breast cancer (breast cancer that has spread outside of the milk ducts or lobules into the surrounding breast tissue) in women who are at high risk of developing this type of cancer or who have osteoporosis.
Raloxifene HCL cannot be used to treat invasive breast cancer or to prevent invasive breast cancer from coming back in women who have already had the condition.
Raloxifene HCL also cannot be used to decrease the risk of developing non-invasive breast cancer. Raloxifene HCL is in a class of medications called selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs). Raloxifene HCL prevents and treats osteoporosis by mimicking the effects of estrogen (a female hormone produced by the body) to increase the density (thickness) of bone.
Raloxifene HCL decreases the risk of developing invasive breast cancer by blocking the effects of estrogen on breast tissue.
Raloxifene HCL may stop the development of tumors that need estrogen to grow.
Application of Raloxifene HCL
Raloxifene Hydrochloride is an active pharmaceutical ingredient used to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women and to reduce the risk of invasive breast cancer in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis and in postmenopausal women at high risk for invasive breast cancer.